Data capture from rendered documents using handheld device

ABSTRACT

A portable device having scanning, imaging or other data-capture capability is described. In some cases, the portable device can indicate to the user when enough information has been captured to uniquely identify a source document. In some cases, the portable device calculates timestamps and location-stamps indicating when and where a data capture occurred. In some cases, the portable device is controlled by gestures. In some cases, the portable scanning device has associated billing and content/service subscription information.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/542,811 filed on Aug. 18, 2009, now U.S. Pat.No. 8,447,144, which is a Continuation of Ser. No. 11/098,042 filed onApr. 1, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,593,605, which is aContinuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/004,637filed on Dec. 3, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,707,039, which are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety.

This application is related to, and incorporates by reference in theirentirety, the following U.S. patent applications, filed concurrentlyherewith: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/097,961, entitled METHODSAND SYSTEMS FOR INITIATING APPLICATION PROCESSES BY DATA CAPTURE FROMRENDERED DOCUMENTS, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/097,093,entitled DETERMINING ACTIONS INVOLVING CAPTURED INFORMATION ANDELECTRONIC CONTENT ASSOCIATED WITH RENDERED DOCUMENTS, U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/098,038, entitled CONTENT ACCESS WITH HANDHELDDOCUMENT DATA CAPTURE DEVICES, U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/098,014, entitled SEARCH ENGINES AND SYSTEMS WITH HANDHELD DOCUMENTDATA CAPTURE DEVICES, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/097,103,entitled TRIGGERING ACTIONS IN RESPONSE TO OPTICALLY OR ACOUSTICALLYCAPTURING KEYWORDS FROM A RENDERED DOCUMENT, U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/098,043, entitled SEARCHING AND ACCESSING DOCUMENTS ONPRIVATE NETWORKS FOR USE WITH CAPTURES FROM RENDERED DOCUMENTS, U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/097,981, entitled INFORMATION GATHERINGSYSTEM AND METHOD, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/097,089, entitledDOCUMENT ENHANCEMENT SYSTEM AND METHOD, U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/097,835, entitled PUBLISHING TECHNIQUES FOR ADDING VALUE TO ARENDERED DOCUMENT, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/098,016, entitledARCHIVE OF TEXT CAPTURES FROM RENDERED DOCUMENTS, U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/097,828, entitled ADDING INFORMATION ORFUNCTIONALITY TO A RENDERED DOCUMENT VIA ASSOCIATION WITH AN ELECTRONICCOUNTERPART, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/097,833, entitledAGGREGATE ANALYSIS OF TEXT CAPTURES PERFORMED BY MULTIPLE USERS FROMRENDERED DOCUMENTS, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/097,836,entitled ESTABLISHING AN INTERACTIVE ENVIRONMENT FOR RENDERED DOCUMENTS,and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/096,704, entitled CAPTURING TEXTFROM RENDERED DOCUMENTS USING SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION.

This application claims priority to, and incorporates by reference intheir entirety, the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications:Application No. 60/559,226 filed on Apr. 1, 2004, Application No.60/558,893 filed on Apr. 1, 2004, Application No. 60/558,968 filed onApr. 1, 2004, Application No. 60/558,867 filed on Apr. 1, 2004,Application No. 60/559,278 filed on Apr. 1, 2004, Application No.60/559,279 filed on Apr. 1, 2004, Application No. 60/559,265 filed onApr. 1, 2004, Application No. 60/559,277 filed on Apr. 1, 2004,Application No. 60/558,969 filed on Apr. 1, 2004, Application No.60/558,892 filed on Apr. 1, 2004, Application No. 60/558,760 filed onApr. 1, 2004, Application No. 60/558,717 filed on Apr. 1, 2004,Application No. 60/558,499 filed on Apr. 1, 2004, Application No.60/558,370 filed on Apr. 1, 2004, Application No. 60/558,789 filed onApr. 1, 2004, Application No. 60/558,791 filed on Apr. 1, 2004,Application No. 60/558,527 filed on Apr. 1, 2004, Application No.60/559,125 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TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to portable data capturing devicesand, more particularly, relates to portable devices having the abilityto capture an image and/or an audio clip.

BACKGROUND

Paper documents have an enduring appeal, as can be seen by theproliferation of paper documents in the computer age. It has never beeneasier to print and publish paper documents than it is today. Paperdocuments prevail even though electronic documents are easier toduplicate, transmit, search and edit.

Given the popularity of paper documents and the advantages of electronicdocuments, it would be useful to combine the benefits of both.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a data flow diagram that illustrates the flow of informationin one embodiment of the core system.

FIG. 2 is a component diagram of components included in a typicalimplementation of the system in the context of a typical operatingenvironment.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a scanner.

FIG. 4 is a perspective diagram showing a typical use of a portablescanning device.

FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram of an embodiment of a typicalportable scanning device.

FIG. 6 is a data structure diagram that shows a format for a data recordtypically used by the system.

FIG. 7 shows a flow diagram showing steps typically performed by thesystem to detect and store information about the location and/or timethat a document was scanned using portable device.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing steps typically performed by the systemto detect that a user has made a circle gesture.

FIG. 9 illustrates some examples of a user's attempts at performing acircle gesture.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram showing steps typically performed by thesystem to detect a rubbing gesture.

FIG. 11 shows a scanner moving in the backwards (right to left)direction across document.

FIG. 12 shows a block diagram of one system configuration forassociating nearby devices with a portable scanner.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing a typical query session associating ascanning device and a service provider.

FIG. 14 is an action flow diagram showing interactions typicallyperformed between devices by the system to provide content to ascanner-associated device.

FIG. 15 shows a portable scanner that captures text from two lines ofdocument.

FIG. 16 shows one embodiment of convolution to determine characteroffsets.

FIG. 17 is an illustration of one way to conceptualize the convolutionprocess.

FIG. 18 is another illustration. Here, the slice copy is shown above thecopy in memory so that it may be clearer why a match is found.

FIG. 19 is a flow diagram showing steps typically performed by thesystem to perform the convolution process on an image.

FIG. 20 shows scanner/mouse with a viewing window to reveal the surfacebelow the mouse.

FIG. 21 shows a scanner/mouse with a display (LCD, LED, etc.) mounted ontop of housing so that the user can see what is being scanned.

FIG. 22 shows a block diagram of a mouse with a separateposition-sensing and scanning mechanism, such as a mouse with atraditional mechanical x/y mechanism and an optical scanner.

FIG. 23 shows a block diagram of a mouse with an optical sensor assemblythat can be used for detecting x/y motion and for scanning data from arendered document.

FIG. 24 shows a side view of a mouse/scanner that uses a series ofmirrors to reflect an image up to the viewfinder of what is under thescanner head.

FIG. 25 shows an example of a mouse/scanner that uses a image conduitoperatively connected with a light sensitive semiconductor chip (CMOS,CCD, etc.).

FIG. 26 shows a top view of a mouse/scanner with a viewfinder that isessentially a window on either side of the scanning mechanism so thatthe user can see the text that the going to pass under the scanninghead.

FIG. 27 is a perspective drawing showing a view of a sample handhelddocument data capture device.

FIG. 28 shows a block diagram of one embodiment of the annotator device.

FIG. 29 shows the device connected to a processing device such as a PCthrough a communication port, typically a USB port.

FIG. 30 is a block diagram showing some of the components typicallyincorporated in at least some of the computer systems and other deviceson which the system executes.

FIG. 31 is a flow diagram showing a typical process used by the systemin order to annotate an electronic document.

FIG. 32 is a table diagram showing a sample annotation table used by thesystem to represent annotations inputted by the user.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Overview

A portable device for capturing and acting on text contained in arendered document (“the device”) is described; in some cases as part ofa more extensive system for processing text captured with the portabledevice (“the system”).

In some embodiments, a portable device that has scanning capabilityindicates to a user that the user has scanned enough text or otherinformation to uniquely identify a document. In some embodiments, theportable device has an image capture device for acquiring images, aprocessor for processing the images, memory for storing data and/orlogic (such as computer programs), an input/output communicationsinterface for communicating with other devices, a power supply, anillumination source for illuminating the information being scanned, anda location module.

In some embodiments, instead of or in addition to having visual scanningcapability, the portable device has audio text capture capability, whichenables the device to capture an audio clip of the user reading aloudfrom a rendered document. The system typically subjects such audio clipsto voice recognition techniques to derive textual content from the audiotext capture operation.

While references to the portable text capture device herein aresometimes specific to visual scanning, those skilled in the art willappreciate that statements made containing such references may equallybe applied to portable text capture device using other text capturetechniques, such as audio text capture.

In some embodiments, the text or symbols scanned by the scanner are usedand interpreted as control commands by the scanner's control logic orcontrol software to cause the scanner to execute software programs orotherwise perform certain predetermined actions (such as erase data frommemory, turn on/off, initiate and/or complete a financial transaction,etc.).

In some embodiments, the portable scanner indicates to a user thatenough text has been scanned to identify the document so that anelectronic copy may be located. The portable scanner may compare theamount of information scanned to a predetermined threshold level todetermine whether enough information has been scanned. (This thresholdmethod is particularly useful when the scanner is not in communicationwith a computer.) When the portable scanner is in communication with aremote computer, the remote computer may send a message to the scannerindicating that it has identified the document from which the text wasscanned. In response to receiving the message, the portable scannerindicates to the user that the document has been identified and the usermay stop scanning. In various embodiments, the indicator is visual(e.g., a Light Emitting Device (LED), display, etc.), auditory (e.g.,speaker, beeper, etc.) or haptic (stimulating the sense of touch).

In some embodiments, the portable scanner has location and/or timedetermination capability and may store location and/or time informationabout where and/or when a scan occurred along with the scanned data. Thetime information may be a timestamp associated with a particularscanning event. The location-information may be a location-stampassociated with a particular scanning event.

In some embodiments, operation of a portable device such as the portablescanner is controlled by characteristics of the scan, such as speed,repetition, direction, etc. Additionally, control programs or logic inthe scanner may be responsive to special symbols. These special symbolsmay be associated with particular actions to be performed, or programsto be executed, by the portable device.

In some embodiments, the portable scanner has billing, subscription,and/or device identifier information stored in memory. Subscriptioninformation can be used to verify the users right to access anelectronic copy of the identified document, such as a pre-paid accountfor example. Billing information may be used to pay for access to anelectronic copy of the identified document. Device identifiers may beused as a security feature to assist in verifying a user's identity.

Part I—Introduction

1. Nature of the System

For every paper document that has an electronic counterpart, thereexists a discrete amount of information in the paper document that canidentify the electronic counterpart. In some embodiments, the systemuses a sample of text captured from a paper document, for example usinga handheld scanner, to identify and locate an electronic counterpart ofthe document. In most cases, the amount of text needed by the facilityis very small in that a few words of text from a document can oftenfunction as an identifier for the paper document and as a link to itselectronic counterpart. In addition, the system may use those few wordsto identify not only the document, but also a location within thedocument.

Thus, paper documents and their digital counterparts can be associatedin many useful ways using the system discussed herein.

1.1. A Quick Overview of the Future

Once the system has associated a piece of text in a paper document witha particular digital entity has been established, the system is able tobuild a huge amount of functionality on that association.

It is increasingly the case that most paper documents have an electroniccounterpart that is accessible on the World Wide Web or from some otheronline database or document corpus, or can be made accessible, such asin response to the payment of a fee or subscription. At the simplestlevel, then, when a user scans a few words in a paper document, thesystem can retrieve that electronic document or some part of it, ordisplay it, email it to somebody, purchase it, print it or post it to aweb page. As additional examples, scanning a few words of a book that aperson is reading over breakfast could cause the audio-book version inthe person's car to begin reading from that point when s/he startsdriving to work, or scanning the serial number on a printer cartridgecould begin the process of ordering a replacement.

The system implements these and many other examples of “paper/digitalintegration” without requiring changes to the current processes ofwriting, printing and publishing documents, giving such conventionalrendered documents a whole new layer of digital functionality.

1.2. Terminology

A typical use of the system begins with using an optical scanner to scantext from a paper document, but it is important to note that othermethods of capture from other types of document are equally applicable.The system is therefore sometimes described as scanning or capturingtext from a rendered document, where those terms are defined as follows:

A rendered document is a printed document or a document shown on adisplay or monitor. It is a document that is perceptible to a human,whether in permanent form or on a transitory display.

Scanning or capturing is the process of systematic examination to obtaininformation from a rendered document. The process may involve opticalcapture using a scanner or camera (for example a camera in a cellphone),or it may involve reading aloud from the document into an audio capturedevice or typing it on a keypad or keyboard. For more examples, seeSection 15.

2. Introduction to the System

This section describes some of the devices, processes and systems thatconstitute a system for paper/digital integration. In variousembodiments, the system builds a wide variety of services andapplications on this underlying core that provides the basicfunctionality.

2.1. The Processes

FIG. 1 is a data flow diagram that illustrates the flow of informationin one embodiment of the core system. Other embodiments may not use allof the stages or elements illustrated here, while some will use manymore.

Text from a rendered document is captured 100, typically in optical formby an optical scanner or audio form by a voice recorder, and this imageor sound data is then processed 102, for example to remove artifacts ofthe capture process or to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Arecognition process 104 such as OCR, speech recognition, orautocorrelation then converts the data into a signature, comprised insome embodiments of text, text offsets, or other symbols. Alternatively,the system performs an alternate form of extracting document signaturefrom the rendered document. The signature represents a set of possibletext transcriptions in some embodiments. This process may be influencedby feedback from other stages, for example, if the search process andcontext analysis 110 have identified some candidate documents from whichthe capture may originate, thus narrowing the possible interpretationsof the original capture.

A post-processing 106 stage may take the output of the recognitionprocess and filter it or perform such other operations upon it as may beuseful. Depending upon the embodiment implemented, it may be possible atthis stage to deduce some direct actions 107 to be taken immediatelywithout reference to the later stages, such as where a phrase or symbolhas been captured which contains sufficient information in itself toconvey the user's intent. In these cases no digital counterpart documentneed be referenced, or even known to the system.

Typically, however, the next stage will be to construct a query 108 or aset of queries for use in searching. Some aspects of the queryconstruction may depend on the search process used and so cannot beperformed until the next stage, but there will typically be someoperations, such as the removal of obviously misrecognized or irrelevantcharacters, which can be performed in advance.

The query or queries are then passed to the search and context analysisstage 110. Here, the system optionally attempts to identify the documentfrom which the original data was captured. To do so, the systemtypically uses search indices and search engines 112, knowledge aboutthe user 114 and knowledge about the user's context or the context inwhich the capture occurred 116. Search engine 112 may employ and/orindex information specifically about rendered documents, about theirdigital counterpart documents, and about documents that have a web(internet) presence). It may write to, as well as read from, many ofthese sources and, as has been mentioned, it may feed information intoother stages of the process, for example by giving the recognitionsystem 104 information about the language, font, rendering and likelynext words based on its knowledge of the candidate documents.

In some circumstances the next stage will be to retrieve 120 a copy ofthe document or documents that have been identified. The sources of thedocuments 124 may be directly accessible, for example from a localfiling system or database or a web server, or they may need to becontacted via some access service 122 which might enforceauthentication, security or payment or may provide other services suchas conversion of the document into a desired format.

Applications of the system may take advantage of the association ofextra functionality or data with part or all of a document. For example,advertising applications discussed in Section 10.4 may use anassociation of particular advertising messages or subjects with portionsof a document. This extra associated functionality or data can bethought of as one or more overlays on the document, and is referred toherein as “markup”. The next stage of the process 130, then, is toidentify any markup relevant to the captured data. Such markup may beprovided by the user, the originator, or publisher of the document, orsome other, party, and may be directly accessible from some source 132or may be generated by some service 134. In various embodiments, markupcan be associated with, and apply to, a rendered document and/or thedigital counterpart to a rendered document, or to groups of either orboth of these documents.

Lastly, as a result of the earlier stages, some actions may be taken140. These may be default actions such as simply recording theinformation found, they may be dependent on the data or document, orthey may be derived from the markup analysis. Sometimes the action willsimply be to pass the data to another system. In some cases the variouspossible actions appropriate to a capture at a specific point in arendered document will be presented to the user as a menu on anassociated display, for example on a local display 332, on a computerdisplay 212 or a mobile phone or PDA display 216. If the user doesn'trespond to the menu, the default actions can be taken.

2.2. The Components

FIG. 2 is a component diagram of components included in a typicalimplementation of the system in the context of a typical operatingenvironment. As illustrated, the operating environment includes one ormore optical scanning capture devices 202 or voice capture devices 204.In some embodiments, the same device performs both functions. Eachcapture device is able to communicate with other parts of the systemsuch as a computer 212 and a mobile station 216 (e.g., a mobile phone orPDA) using either a direct wired or wireless connection, or through thenetwork 220, with which it can communicate using a wired or wirelessconnection, the latter typically involving a wireless base station 214.In some embodiments, the capture device is integrated in the mobilestation, and optionally shares some of the audio and/or opticalcomponents used in the device for voice communications andpicture-taking.

Computer 212 may include a memory containing computer executableinstructions for processing an order from scanning devices 202 and 204.As an example, an order can include an identifier (such as a serialnumber of the scanning device 2021204 or an identifier that partially oruniquely identifies the user of the scanner), scanning contextinformation (e.g., time of scan, location of scan, etc.) and/or scannedinformation (such as a text string) that is used to uniquely identifythe document being scanned. In alternative embodiments, the operatingenvironment may include more or less components.

Also available on the network 220 are search engines 232, documentsources 234, user account services 236, markup services 238 and othernetwork services 239. The network 220 may be a corporate intranet, thepublic Internet, a mobile phone network or some other network, or anyinterconnection of the above.

Regardless of the manner by which the devices are coupled to each other,they may all may be operable in accordance with well-known commercialtransaction and communication protocols (e.g., Internet Protocol (IP)).In various embodiments, the functions and capabilities of scanningdevice 202, computer 212, and mobile station 216 may be wholly orpartially integrated into one device. Thus, the terms scanning device,computer, and mobile station can refer to the same device depending uponwhether the device incorporates functions or capabilities of thescanning device 202, computer 212 and mobile station 216. In addition,some or all of the functions of the search engines 232, document sources234, user account services 236, markup services 238 and other networkservices 239 may be implemented on any of the devices and/or otherdevices not shown.

2.3. The Capture Device

As described above, the capture device may capture text using an opticalscanner that captures image data from the rendered document, or using anaudio recording device that captures a user's spoken reading of thetext, or other methods. Some embodiments of the capture device may alsocapture images, graphical symbols and icons, etc., including machinereadable codes such as barcodes. The device may be exceedingly simple,consisting of little more than the transducer, some storage, and a datainterface, relying on other functionality residing elsewhere in thesystem, or it may be a more full-featured device. For illustration, thissection describes a device based around an optical scanner and with areasonable number of features.

Scanners are well known devices that capture and digitize images. Anoffshoot of the photocopier industry, the first scanners were relativelylarge devices that captured an entire document page at once. Recently,portable optical scanners have been introduced in convenient formfactors, such as a pen-shaped handheld device.

In some embodiments, the portable scanner is used to scan text,graphics, or symbols from rendered documents. The portable scanner has ascanning element that captures text, symbols, graphics, etc, fromrendered documents. In addition to documents that have been printed onpaper, in some embodiments, rendered documents include documents thathave been displayed on a screen such as a CRT monitor or LCD display.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a scanner 302. The scanner302 comprises an optical scanning head 308 to scan information fromrendered documents and convert it to machine-compatible data, and anoptical path 306, typically a lens, an aperture or an image conduit toconvey the image from the rendered document to the scanning head. Thescanning head 308 may incorporate a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD), aComplementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) imaging device, or anoptical sensor of another type.

A microphone 310 and associated circuitry convert the sound of theenvironment (including spoken words) into machine-compatible signals,and other input facilities exist in the form of buttons, scroll-wheelsor other tactile sensors such as touch-pads 314.

Feedback to the user is possible through a visual display or indicatorlights 332, through a loudspeaker or other audio transducer 334 andthrough a vibrate module 336.

The scanner 302 comprises logic 326 to interact with the various othercomponents, possibly processing the received signals into differentformats and/or interpretations. Logic 326 may be operable to read andwrite data and program instructions stored in associated storage 330such as RAM, ROM, flash, or other suitable memory. It may read a timesignal from the clock unit 328. The scanner 302 also includes aninterface 316 to communicate scanned information and other signals to anetwork and/or an associated computing device. In some embodiments, thescanner 302 may have an on-board power supply 332. In other embodiments,the scanner 302 may be powered from a tethered connection to anotherdevice, such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) connection.

As an example of one use of scanner 302, a reader may scan some textfrom a newspaper article with scanner 302. The text is scanned as abit-mapped image via the scanning head 308. Logic 326 causes thebit-mapped image to be stored in memory 330 with an associatedtime-stamp read from the clock unit 328. Logic 326 may also performoptical character recognition (OCR) or other post-scan processing on thebit-mapped image to convert it to text. Logic 326 may optionally extracta signature from the image, for example by performing a convolution-likeprocess to locate repeating occurrences of characters, symbols orobjects, and determine the distance or number of other characters,symbols, or objects between these repeated elements. The reader may thenupload the bit-mapped image (or text or other signature, if post-scanprocessing has been performed by logic 326) to an associated computervia interface 316.

As an example of another use of scanner 302, a reader may capture sometext from an article as an audio file by using microphone 310 as anacoustic capture port. Logic 326 causes audio file to be stored inmemory 328. Logic 326 may also perform voice recognition or otherpost-scan processing on the audio file to convert it to text. As above,the reader may then upload the audio file (or text produced by post-scanprocessing performed by logic 326) to an associated computer viainterface 316.

Part II—Overview of the Areas of the Core System

As paper-digital integration becomes more common, there are many aspectsof existing technologies that can be changed to take better advantage ofthis integration, or to enable it to be implemented more effectively.This section highlights some of those issues.

3. Search

Searching a corpus of documents, even so large a corpus as the WorldWide Web, has become commonplace for ordinary users, who use a keyboardto construct a search query which is sent to a search engine. Thissection and the next discuss the aspects of both the construction of aquery originated by a capture from a rendered document, and the searchengine that handles such a query.

3.1. Scan/Speak/Type as Search Query

Use of the described system typically starts with a few words beingcaptured from a rendered document using any of several methods,including those mentioned in Section 1.2 above. Where the input needssome interpretation to convert it to text, for example in the case ofOCR or speech input, there may be end-to-end feedback in the system sothat the document corpus can be used to enhance the recognition process.End-to-end feedback can be applied by performing an approximation of therecognition or interpretation, identifying a set of one or morecandidate matching documents, and then using information from thepossible matches in the candidate documents to further refine orrestrict the recognition or interpretation. Candidate documents can beweighted according to their probable relevance (for example, based onthen number of other users who have scanned in these documents, or theirpopularity on the Internet), and these weights can be applied in thisiterative recognition process.

3.2. Short Phrase Searching

Because the selective power of a search query based on a few words isgreatly enhanced when the relative positions of these words are known,only a small amount of text need be captured for the system to identifythe text's location in a corpus. Most commonly, the input text win be acontiguous sequence of words, such as a short phrase.

3.2.1. Finding Document and Location in Document from Short Capture

In addition to locating the document from which a phrase originates, thesystem can identify the location in that document and can take actionbased on this knowledge.

3.2.2. Other Methods of Finding Location

The system may also employ other methods of discovering the document andlocation, such as by using watermarks or other special markings on therendered document.

3.3. Incorporation of Other Factors in Search Query

In addition to the captured text, other factors (i.e., information aboutuser identity, profile, and context) may form part of the search query,such as the time of the capture, the identity and geographical locationof the user, knowledge of the user's habits and recent activities, etc.

The document identity and other information related to previouscaptures, especially if they were quite recent, may form part of asearch query.

The identity of the user may be determined from a unique identifierassociated with a capturing device, and/or biometric or othersupplemental information (speech patterns, fingerprints, etc.).

3.4. Knowledge of Nature of Unreliability in Search Query (OCR ErrorsEtc)

The search query can be constructed taking into account the types oferrors likely to occur in the particular capture method used. Oneexample of this is an indication of suspected errors in the recognitionof specific characters; in this instance a search engine may treat thesecharacters as wildcards, or assign them a lower priority.

3.5. Local Caching of Index for Performance/Offline Use

Sometimes the capturing device may not be in communication with thesearch engine or corpus at the time of the data capture. For thisreason, information helpful to the offline use of the device may bedownloaded to the device in advance, or to some entity with which thedevice can communicate. In some cases, all or a substantial part of anindex associated with a corpus may be downloaded. This topic isdiscussed further in Section 15.3.

3.6. Queries, in Whatever Form, May be Recorded and Acted on Later

If there are likely to be delays or cost associated with communicatinga-query or receiving the results, this pre-loaded information canimprove the performance of the local device: reduce communication costs,and provide helpful and timely user feedback.

In the situation where no communication is available (the local deviceis “offline”), the queries may be saved and transmitted to the rest ofthe system at such a time as communication is restored.

In these cases it may be important to transmit a timestamp with eachquery. The time of the capture can be a significant factor in theinterpretation of the query. For example, Section 13.1 discusses theimportance of the time of capture in relation to earlier captures. It isimportant to note that the time of capture will not always be the sameas the time that the query is executed.

3.7. Parallel Searching

For performance reasons, multiple queries may be launched in response toa single capture; either in sequence or in parallel. Several queries maybe sent in response to a single capture, for example as new words areadded to the capture, or to query multiple search engines in parallel.

For example, in some embodiments, the system sends queries to a specialindex for the current document, to a search engine on a local machine,to a search engine on the corporate network, and to remote searchengines on the Internet.

The results of particular searches may be given higher priority thanthose from others.

The response to a given query may indicate that other pending queriesare superfluous; these may be cancelled before completion.

4. Paper and Search Engines

Often it is desirable for a search engine that handles traditionalonline queries also to handle those originating from rendered documents.Conventional search engines may be enhanced or modified in a number ofways to make them more suitable for use with the described system.

The search engine and/or other components of the system may create andmaintain indices that have different or extra features. The system maymodify an incoming paper-originated query or change the way the query ishandled in the resulting search, thus distinguishing thesepaper-originated queries from those coming from queries typed into webbrowsers and other sources. And the system may take different actions oroffer different options when the results are returned by the searchesoriginated from paper as compared to those from other sources. Each ofthese approaches is discussed below.

4.1. Indexing

Often, the same index can be searched using either paper-originated ortraditional queries, but the index may be enhanced for use in thecurrent system in a variety of ways.

4.1.1. Knowledge about the Paper Form

Extra fields can be added to such an index that will help in the case ofa paper-based search.

Index Entry Indicating Document Availability in Paper Form

The first example is a field indicating that the document is known toexist or be distributed in paper form. The system may give suchdocuments higher priority if the query comes from paper.

Knowledge of Popularity Paper Form

In this example statistical data concerning the popularity of paperdocuments (and, optionally, concerning sub-regions within thesedocuments)—for example the amount of scanning activity, circulationnumbers provided by the publisher or other sources, etc—is used to givesuch documents higher priority, to boost the priority of digitalcounterpart documents (for example, for browser-based queries or websearches), etc.

Knowledge of Rendered Format

Another important example may be recording information about the layoutof a specific rendering of a document.

For a particular edition of a book, for example, the index may includeinformation about where the line breaks and page breaks occur, whichfonts were used, any unusual capitalization.

The index may also include information about the proximity of otheritems on the page, such as images, text boxes, tables andadvertisements.

Use of Semantic Information in Original

Lastly, semantic information that can be deduced from the source markupbut is not apparent in the paper document, such as the fact that aparticular piece of text refers to an item offered for sale, or that acertain paragraph contains program code, may also be recorded in theindex.

4.1.2. Indexing in the Knowledge of the Capture Method

A second factor that may modify the nature of the index is the knowledgeof the type of capture likely to be used. A search initiated by anoptical scan may benefit if the index takes into account characters thatare easily confused in the OCR process, or includes some knowledge ofthe fonts used in the document. Similarly, if the query is from speechrecognition, an index based on similar-sounding phonemes may be muchmore efficiently searched. An additional factor that may affect the useof the index in the described model is the importance of iterativefeedback during the recognition process. If the search engine is able toprovide feedback from the index as the text is being captured, it cangreatly increase the accuracy of the capture.

Indexing Using Offsets

If the index is likely to be searched using theoffset-based/autocorrelation OCR methods described in Section 9, in someembodiments, the system stores the appropriate offset or signatureinformation in an index.

4.1.3. Multiple Indices

Lastly, in the described system, it may be common to conduct searches onmany indices. Indices may be maintained on several machines on acorporate network. Partial indices may be downloaded to the capturedevice, or to a machine close to the capture device. Separate indicesmay be created for users or groups of users with particular interests,habits or permissions. An index may exist for each filesystem, eachdirectory, even each file on a user's hard disk. Indexes are publishedand subscribed to by users and by systems. It will be important, then,to construct indices that can be distributed, updated, merged andseparated efficiently.

4.2. Handling the Queries

4.2.1. Knowing the Capture is from Paper

A search engine may take different actions when it recognizes that asearch query originated from a paper document. The engine might handlethe query in a way that is more tolerant to the types of errors likelyto appear in certain capture methods, for example.

It may be able to deduce this from some indicator included in the query(for example a flag indicating the nature of the capture), or it maydeduce this from the query itself (for example, it may recognize errorsor uncertainties typical of the OCR process).

Alternatively, queries from a capture device can reach the engine by adifferent channel or port or type of connection than those from othersources, and can be distinguished in that way. For example, someembodiments of the system will route queries to the search engine by wayof a dedicated gateway.

Thus, the search engine knows that all queries passing through thededicated gateway were originated from a paper document.

4.2.2. Use of Context

Section 13 below describes a variety of different factors which areexternal to the captured text itself, yet which can be a significant aidin identifying a document. These include such things as the history ofrecent scans, the longer-term reading habits of a particular user, thegeographic location of a user and the user's recent use of particularelectronic documents. Such factors are referred to herein as “context”.

Some of the context may be handled by the search engine itself, and bereflected in the search results. For example, the search engine may keeptrack of a user's scanning history, and may also cross-reference thisscanning history to conventional keyboard-based queries. In such cases,the search engine maintains and uses more state information about eachindividual user than do most conventional search engines, and eachinteraction with a search-engine may be considered to extend overseveral searches and a longer period of time than is typical today.

Some of the context may be transmitted to the search engine in thesearch query (Section 3.3), and may possibly be stored at the engine soas to play a part in future queries. Lastly, some of the context willbest be handled elsewhere, and so becomes a filter or secondary searchapplied to the results from the search engine.

Data-Stream Input to Search

An important input into the search process is the broader context of howthe community of users is interacting with the rendered version of thedocument—for example, which documents are most widely read and by whom.There are analogies with a web search returning the pages that are mostfrequently linked to, or those that are most frequently selected frompast search results. For further discussion of this topic, see. Sections13.4 and 14.2.

4.2.3. Document Sub-Regions

The described system can emit and use not only information aboutdocuments as a whole, but also information about sub-regions ofdocuments, even down to individual words. Many existing search enginesconcentrate simply on locating a document or file that is relevant to aparticular query. Those that can work on a finer grain and identify alocation within a document will provide a significant benefit for thedescribed system.

4.3. Returning the Results

The search engine may use some of the further information it nowmaintains to affect the results returned.

The system may also return certain documents to which the user hasaccess only as a result of being in possession of the paper copy(Section 7.4).

The search engine may also offer new actions or options appropriate tothe described system, beyond simple retrieval of the text.

5. Markup, Annotations and Metadata

In addition to performing the capture-search-retrieve process, thedescribed system also associates extra functionality with a document,and in particular with specific locations or segments of text within adocument. This extra functionality is often, though not exclusively,associated with the rendered document by being associated with itselectronic counterpart. As an example, hyperlinks in a web page couldhave the same functionality when a printout of that web page is scanned.In some cases, the functionality is not defined in the electronicdocument, but is stored or generated elsewhere.

This layer of added functionality is referred to herein as “markup”.

5.1. Overlays, Static and Dynamic

One way to think of the markup is as an “overlay” on the document, whichprovides further information about—and may specify actions associatedwith—the document or some portion of it. The markup may includehuman-readable content, but is often invisible to a user and/or intendedfor machine use. Examples include options to be displayed in apopup-menu on a nearby display when a user captures text from aparticular area in a rendered document, or audio samples that illustratethe pronunciation of a particular phrase.

5.1.1. Several Layers, Possibly from Several Sources

Any document may have multiple overlays simultaneously, and these may besourced from a variety of locations. Markup data may be created orsupplied by the author of the document, or by the user, or by some otherparty.

Markup data may be attached to the electronic document or embedded init. It may be found in a conventional location (for example, in the sameplace as the document but with a different filename suffix). Markup datamay be included in the search results of the query that located theoriginal document, or may be found by a separate query to the same oranother search engine. Markup data may be found using the originalcaptured text and other capture information or contextual information,or it may be found using already deduced information about the documentand location of the capture. Markup data may be found in a locationspecified in the document, even if the markup itself is not included inthe document.

The markup may be largely static and specific to the document, similarto the way links on a traditional html web page are often embedded asstatic data within the html document, but markup may also be dynamicallygenerated and/or, applied to a large number of documents. An example ofdynamic markup is information attached to a document that includes theup-to-date share price of companies mentioned in that document. Anexample of broadly applied markup is translation information that isautomatically available on multiple documents or sections of documentsin a particular language.

5.1.2. Personal “Plug-In” Layers

Users may also install, or subscribe to particular sources of, markupdata, thus personalizing the system's response to particular captures.

5.2. Keywords and Phrases, Trademarks and Logos

Some elements in documents may have particular “markup” or functionalityassociated with them based on their own characteristics rather thantheir location in a particular document. Examples include special marksthat are printed in the document purely for the purpose of beingscanned, as well as logos and trademarks that can link the user tofurther information about the organization concerned. The same appliesto “keywords” or “key phrases” in the text. Organizations might registerparticular phrases with which they are associated, or with which theywould like to be associated, and attach certain markup to them thatwould be available wherever that phrase was scanned.

Any word, phrase, etc. may have associated markup. For example, thesystem may add certain items to a pop-up menu (e.g., a link to an onlinebookstore) whenever the user captures the word “book,” or the title of abook, or a topic related to books. In some embodiments, of the system,digital counterpart documents or indices are consulted to determinewhether a capture occurred near the word “book,” or the title of a book,or a topic related to books—and the system behavior is modified inaccordance with this proximity to keyword elements. In the precedingexample, note that markup enables data captured from non-commercial textor documents to trigger a commercial transaction.

5.3. User-Supplied Content

5.3.1. User Comments and Annotations, Including Multimedia

Annotations are another type of electronic information that may beassociated with a document. For example, a user can attach an audio fileof his/her thoughts about a particular document for later retrieval asvoice annotations. As another example of a multimedia annotation, a usermay attach photographs of places referred to in the document. The usergenerally supplies annotations for the document but the system canassociate annotations from other sources (for example, other users in awork group may share annotations).

5.3.2. Notes from Proof-Reading

An important example of user-sourced markup is the annotation of paperdocuments as part of a proofreading, editing or reviewing process.

5.4. Third-Party Content

As mentioned earlier, markup data may often be supplied by thirdparties, such as by other readers of the document online discussions andreviews are a good example, as are community-managed informationrelating to particular works, volunteer-contributed translations andexplanations.

Another example of third-party markup is that provided by advertisers.

5.5. Dynamic Markup Based on Other Users' Data Streams

By analyzing the data captured from documents by several or all users ofthe system, markup can be generated based on the activities andinterests of a community. An example might be an online bookstore thatcreates markup or annotations that tell the user, in effect, “People whoenjoyed this book also enjoyed . . . ”. The markup may be lessanonymous, and may tell the user which of the people in his/her contactlist have also read this document recently. Other examples of datastreamanalysis are included in Section 14.

5.6. Markup Based on External Events and Data Sources

Markup will often be based on external events and data sources, such asinput from a corporate database, information from the public Internet,or statistics gathered by the local operating system.

Data sources may also be more local, and in particular may provideinformation about the user's context—his/her identity, location andactivities. For example, the system might communicate with the user'smobile phone and offer a markup layer that gives the user the option tosend a document to somebody that the user has recently spoken to on thephone.

6. Authentication. Personalization and Security

In many situations, the identity of the user will be known. Sometimesthis will be an “anonymous identity”, where the user is identified onlyby the serial number of the capture device, for example. Typically,however, it is expected that the system will have a much more detailedknowledge of the user, which can be used for personalizing the systemand to allow activities and transactions to be performed in the user'sname.

6.1. User History and “Life Library”

One of the simplest and yet most useful functions that the system canperform is to keep a record for a user of the text that s/he hascaptured and any further information related to that capture, includingthe details of any documents found, the location within that documentand any actions taken as a result.

This stored history is beneficial for both the user and the system.

6.1.1. For the User

The user can be presented with a “Life Library”, a record of everythings/he has read and captured. This may be simply for personal interest,but may be used, for example, in a library by an academic who isgathering material for the bibliography of his next paper.

In some circumstances, the user may wish to make the library public,such as by publishing it on the web in a similar manner to a weblog, sothat others may see what s/he is reading and finds of interest.

Lastly, in situations where the user captures some text and the systemcannot immediately act upon the capture (for example, because anelectronic version of the document is not yet available) the capture canbe stored in the library and can be processed later, eitherautomatically or in response to a user request. A user can alsosubscribe to new markup services and apply them to previously capturedscans.

6.1.2. For the System

A record of a user's past captures is also useful for the system. Manyaspects of the system operation can be enhanced by knowing the user'sreading habits and history. The simplest example is that any scan madeby a user is more likely to come from a document that the user hasscanned in the recent past, and in particular if the previous scan waswithin the last few minutes it is very likely to be from the samedocument. Similarly, it is more likely that a document is being read instart-to-finish order. Thus, for English documents, it is also morelikely that later scans will occur farther down in the document. Suchfactors can help the system establish the location of the capture incases of ambiguity, and can also reduce the amount of text that needs tobe captured.

6.2. Scanner as Payment, Identity and Authentication Device

Because the capture process generally begins with a device of some sort,typically an optical scanner or voice recorder, this device may be usedas a key that identifies the user and authorizes certain actions.

6.2.1. Associate Scanner with Phone or Other Account

The device may be embedded in a mobile phone or in some other wayassociated with a mobile phone account. For example, a scanner may beassociated with a mobile phone account by inserting a SIM cardassociated with the account into the scanner. Similarly, the device maybe embedded in a credit card or other payment card, or have the facilityfor such a card to be connected to it. The device may therefore be usedas a payment token, and financial transactions may be initiated by thecapture from the rendered document.

6.2.2. Using Scanner Input for Authentication

The scanner may also be associated with a particular user or accountthrough the process of scanning some token, symbol or text associatedwith that user or account. In addition, scanner may be used forbiometric identification, for example by scanning the fingerprint of theuser. In the case of an audio-based capture device, the system mayidentify the user by matching the voice pattern of the user or byrequiring the user to speak a certain password or phrase.

For example, where a user scans a quote from a book and is offered theoption to buy the book from an online retailer, the user can select thisoption, and is then prompted to scan his/her fingerprint to confirm thetransaction.

See also Sections 15.5 and 15.6.

6.2.3. Secure Scanning Device

When the capture device is used to identify and authenticate the user,and to initiate transactions on behalf of the user, it is important thatcommunications between the device and other parts of the system aresecure. It is also important to guard against such situations as anotherdevice impersonating a scanner, and so-called “man in the middle”attacks where communications between the device and other components areintercepted.

Techniques for providing such security are well understood in the art;in various embodiments, the hardware and software in the device andelsewhere in the system are configured to implement such techniques.

7. Publishing Models and Elements

An advantage of the described system is that there is no need to alterthe traditional processes of creating, printing or publishing documentsin order to gain many of the system's benefits. There are reasons,though, that the creators or publishers of a document—hereafter simplyreferred to as the “publishers”—may wish to create functionality tosupport the described system.

This section is primarily concerned with the published documentsthemselves. For information about other related commercial transactions,such as advertising, see Section 10 entitled “P-Commerce”.

7.1. Electronic Companions to Printed Documents

The system allows for printed documents to have an associated electronicpresence. Conventionally publishers often ship a CD-ROM with a book thatcontains further digital information, tutorial movies and othermultimedia data, sample code or documents, or further referencematerials. In addition, some publishers maintain web sites associatedwith particular publications which provide such materials, as well asinformation which may be updated after the time of publishing, such aserrata, further comments, updated reference materials, bibliographiesand further sources of relevant data, and translations into otherlanguages. Online forums allow readers to contribute their commentsabout the publication.

The described system allows such materials to be much more closely tiedto the rendered document than ever before, and allows the discovery ofand interaction with them to be much easier for the user. By capturing aportion of text from the document, the system can automatically connectthe user to digital materials associated with the document, and moreparticularly associated with that specific part of the document.Similarly, the user can be connected to online communities that discussthat section of the text, or to annotations and commentaries by otherreaders. In the past, such information would typically need to be foundby searching for a particular page number or chapter.

An example application of this is in the area of academic textbooks(Section 17.5).

7.2. “Subscriptions” to Printed Documents

Some publishers may have mailing lists to which readers can subscribe ifthey wish to be notified of new relevant matter or when a new edition ofthe book is published. With the described system, the user can registeran interest in particular documents or parts of documents more easily,in some cases even before the publisher has considered providing anysuch functionality. The reader's interest can be fed to the publisher,possibly affecting their decision about when and where to provideupdates, further information, new editions or even completely newpublications on topics that have proved to be of interest in existingbooks.

7.3. Printed Marks with Special Meaning or Containing Special Data

Many aspects of the system are enabled simply through the use of thetext already existing in a document. If the document is produced in theknowledge that it may be used in conjunction with the system, however,extra functionality can be added by printing extra information in theform of special marks, which may be used to identify the text or arequired action more closely, or otherwise enhance the document'sinteraction with the system. The simplest and most important example isan indication to the reader that the document is definitely accessiblethrough the system. A special icon might be used, for example, toindicate that this document has an online discussion forum associatedwith it.

Such symbols may be intended purely for the reader, or they may berecognized by the system when scanned and used to initiate some action.Sufficient data may be encoded in the symbol to identify more than justthe symbol: it may also store information, for example about thedocument, edition, and location of the symbol, which could be recognizedand read by the system.

7.4. Authorization Through Possession of the Paper Document

There are some situations where possession of or access to the printeddocument would entitle the user to certain privileges, for example, theaccess to an electronic copy of the document or to additional materials.With the described system, such privileges could be granted simply as aresult of the user capturing portions of text from the document, orscanning specially printed symbols. In cases where the system needed toensure that the user was in possession of the entire document, it mightprompt the user to scan particular items or phrases from particularpages, e.g. “the second line of page 46”.

7.5. Documents which Expire

If the printed document is a gateway to extra materials andfunctionality, access to such features can also be time-limited. Afterthe expiry date, a user may be required to pay a fee or obtain a newerversion of the document to access the features again. The paper documentwill, of course, still be usable, but will lose some of its enhancedelectronic functionality. This may be desirable, for example, becausethere is profit for the publisher in receiving fees for access toelectronic materials, or in requiring the user to purchase new editionsfrom time to time, or because there are disadvantages associated withoutdated versions of the printed document remaining in circulation.Coupons are an example of a type of commercial document that can have anexpiration date.

7.6. Popularity Analysis and Publishing Decisions

Section 10.5 discusses the use of the system's statistics to influencecompensation of authors and pricing of advertisements.

In some embodiments, the system deduces the popularity of a publicationfrom the activity in the electronic community associated with it as wellas from the use of the paper document. These factors may help publishersto make decisions about what they will publish in future. If a chapterin an existing book, for example, turns out to be exceedingly popular,it may be worth expanding into a separate publication.

8. Document Access Services

An important aspect of the described system is the ability to provide toa user who has access to a rendered copy of a document access to anelectronic version of that document. In some cases, a document is freelyavailable on a public network or a private network to which the user hasaccess. The system uses the captured text to identify, locate andretrieve the document, in some cases displaying it on the user's screenor depositing it in their email inbox.

In some cases, a document will be available in electronic form, but fora variety of reasons may not be accessible to the user. There may not besufficient connectivity to retrieve the document, the user may not beentitled to retrieve it, there may be a cost associated with gainingaccess to it, or the document may have been withdrawn and possiblyreplaced by a new version, to name just a few possibilities. The systemtypically provides feedback to the user about these situations.

As mentioned in Section 7.4, the degree or nature of the access grantedto a particular user may be different if it is known that the useralready has access to a printed copy of the document.

8.1. Authenticated Document Access

Access to the document may be restricted to specific users, or to thosemeeting particular criteria, or may only be available in certaincircumstances, for example when the user is connected to a securenetwork.

Section 6 describes some of the ways in which the credentials of a userand scanner may be established.

8.2. Document Purchase—Copyright-Owner Compensation

Documents that are not freely available to the general public may stillbe accessible on payment of a fee, often as compensation to thepublisher or copyright-holder. The system may implement paymentfacilities directly or may make use of other payment methods associatedwith the user, including those described in Section 6.2.

8.3. Document Escrow and Proactive Retrieval

Electronic documents are often transient; the digital source version ofa rendered document may be available now but inaccessible in future. Thesystem may retrieve and store the existing version on behalf of theuser, even if the user has not requested it, thus guaranteeing itsavailability should the user request it in future. This also makes itavailable for the system's use, for example for searching as part of theprocess of identifying future captures.

In the event that payment is required for access to the document, atrusted “document escrow” service can retrieve the document on behalf ofthe user, such as upon payment of a modest fee, with the assurance thatthe copyright holder will be fully compensated in future if the usershould ever request the document from the service.

Variations on this theme can be implemented if the document is notavailable in electronic form at the time of capture. The user canauthorize the service to submit a request for or make a payment for thedocument on his/her behalf if the electronic document should becomeavailable at a later date.

8.4. Association with Other Subscriptions and Accounts

Sometimes payment may be waived, reduced or satisfied based on theuser's existing association with another account or subscription.Subscribers to the printed version of a newspaper might automatically beentitled to retrieve the electronic version, for example.

In other cases, the association may not be quite so direct: a user maybe granted access based on an account established by their employer, orbased on their scanning of a printed copy owned by a friend who is asubscriber.

8.5. Replacing Photocopying with Scan-and-Print

The process of capturing text from a paper document, identifying anelectronic original, and printing that original, or some portion of thatoriginal associated with the capture, forms an alternative totraditional photocopying with many advantages:

-   -   the paper document need not be in the same location as the final        printout, and in any case need not be there at the same time    -   the wear and damage caused to documents by the photocopying        process, especially to old, fragile and valuable documents, can        be avoided    -   the quality of the copy is typically be much higher    -   records may be kept about which documents or portions of        documents are the most frequently copied    -   payment may be made to the copyright owner as part of the        process    -   unauthorized copying may be prohibited

8.6. Locating Valuable Originals from Photocopies

When documents are particularly valuable, as in the case of legalinstruments or documents that have historical or other particularsignificance, people may typically work from copies of those documents,often for many years, while the originals are kept in a safe location.

The described system could be coupled to a database which records thelocation of an original document, for example in an archiving warehouse,making it easy for somebody with access to a copy to locate the archivedoriginal paper document.

9. Text Recognition Technologies

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technologies have traditionallyfocused on images that include a large amount of text, for example froma flat-bed scanner capturing a whole page. OCR technologies often needsubstantial training and correcting by the user to produce useful text.OCR technologies often require substantial processing power on themachine doing the OCR; and, while many systems use a dictionary, theyare generally expected to operate on an effectively infinite vocabulary.

All of the above traditional characteristics may be improved upon in thedescribed system.

While this section focuses on OCR, many of the issues discussed mapdirectly onto other recognition technologies, in particular speechrecognition. As mentioned in Section 3.1, the process of capturing frompaper may be achieved by a user reading the text aloud, into a devicewhich captures audio. Those skilled in the art will appreciate thatprinciples discussed here with respect to images, fonts, and textfragments often also apply to audio samples, user speech models andphonemes.

9.1. Optimization for Appropriate Devices

A scanning device for use with the described system will often be small,portable, and low power. The scanning device may capture only a fewwords at a time, and in some implementations does not even capture awhole character at once, but rather a horizontal slice through the text,many such slices being stitched together to form a recognizable signalfrom which the text may be deduced. The scanning device may also havevery limited processing power or storage so, while in some embodimentsit may perform all of the OCR process itself, many embodiments windepend on a connection to a more powerful device, possibly at a latertime, to convert the captured signals into text. Lastly, it may havevery limited facilities for user interaction, so may need to defer anyrequests for user input until later, or operate in a “best-guess” modeto a greater degree than is common now.

9.2. “Uncertain” OCR

The primary new characteristic of OCR within the described system is thefact that it will, in general, examine images of text which existselsewhere and which may be retrieved in digital form. An exacttranscription of the text is therefore not always required from the OCRengine. The OCR system may output a set or a matrix of possible matches,in some cases including probability weightings, which can still be usedto search for the digital original.

9.3. Iterative OCR—Guess, Disambiguate, Guess . . . .

If the device performing the recognition is able to contact the documentindex at the time of processing, then the OCR process can be informed bythe contents of the document corpus as it progresses, potentiallyoffering substantially greater recognition accuracy.

Such a connection will also allow the device to inform the user whensufficient text has been captured to identify the digital source.

9.4. Using Knowledge of Likely Rendering

When the system has knowledge of aspects of the likely printed renderingof a document—such as the font-typeface used in printing, or the layoutof the page, or which sections are in italics—this too can help in therecognition process. (Section 4.1.1)

9.5. Font Caching—Determine Font on Host, Download to Client

As candidate source texts in the document corpus are identified, thefont, or a rendering of it, may be downloaded to the device to help withthe recognition.

9.6: Autocorrelation and Character Offsets

While component characters of a text fragment maybe the most recognizedway to represent a fragment of text that may be used as a documentsignature, other representations of the text may work sufficiently wellthat the actual text of a text fragment need not be used when attemptingto locate the text fragment in a digital document and/or database, orwhen disambiguating the representation of a text fragment into areadable form. Other representations of text fragments may providebenefits that actual text representations lack. For example, opticalcharacter recognition of text fragments is often prone to errors, unlikeother representations of captured text fragments that may be used tosearch for and/or recreate a text fragment without resorting to opticalcharacter recognition for the entire fragment. Such methods may be moreappropriate for some devices used with the current system.

Those of ordinary skill in the art and others will appreciate that thereare many ways of describing the appearance of text fragments. Suchcharacterizations of text fragments may include, but are not limited to,word lengths, relative word lengths, character heights, characterwidths, character shapes, character frequencies, token frequencies, andthe like. In some embodiments, the offsets between matching text tokens(i.e., the number of intervening tokens plus one) are used tocharacterize fragments of text.

Conventional OCR uses knowledge about fonts, letter structure and shapeto attempt to determine characters in scanned text. Embodiments of thepresent invention are different; they employ a variety of methods thatuse the rendered text itself to assist in the recognition process. Theseembodiments use characters (or tokens) to “recognize each other.” Oneway to refer to such self-recognition is “template matching,” and issimilar to “convolution.” To perform such self-recognition, the systemslides a copy of the text horizontally over itself and notes matchingregions of the text images. Prior template matching and convolutiontechniques encompass a variety of related techniques. These techniquesto tokenize and/or recognize characters/tokens will be collectivelyreferred to herein as “autocorrelation,” as the text is used tocorrelate with its own component parts when matching characters/tokens.

When autocorrelating, complete connected regions that match are ofinterest. This occurs when characters (or groups of characters) overlayother instances of the same character (or group). Complete connectedregions that match automatically provide tokenizing of the text intocomponent tokens. As the two copies of the text are slid past eachother, the regions where perfect matching occurs (i.e., all pixels in avertical slice are matched) are noted. When a character/token matchesitself, the horizontal extent of this matching (e.g., the connectedmatching portion of the text) also matches.

Note that at this stage there is no need to determine the actualidentity of each token (i.e., the particular letter, digit or symbol, orgroup of these, that corresponds to the token image), only the offset tothe next occurrence of the same token in the scanned text. The offsetnumber is the distance (number of tokens) to the next occurrence of thesame token. If the token is unique within the text string, the offset iszero (0). The sequence of token offsets thus generated is a signaturethat can be used to identify the scanned text.

In some embodiments, the token offsets determined for a string ofscanned tokens are compared to an index that indexes a corpus ofelectronic documents based upon the token offsets of their contents(Section 4.1.2). In other embodiments, the token offsets determined fora string of scanned tokens are converted to text, and compared to a moreconventional index that indexes a corpus of electronic documents basedupon their contents

As has been noted earlier, a similar token-correlation process may beapplied to speech fragments when the capture process consists of audiosamples of spoken words.

9.7. Font/Character “Self-Recognition”

Conventional template-matching OCR compares scanned images to a libraryof character images. In essence, the alphabet is stored for each fontand newly scanned images are compared to the stored images to findmatching characters. The process generally has an initial delay untilthe correct font has been identified. After that, the OCR process isrelatively quick because most documents use the same font throughout.Subsequent images can therefore be converted to text by comparison withthe most recently identified font library.

The shapes of characters in most commonly used fonts are related. Forexample, in most fonts, the letter “c” and the letter “e” are visuallyrelated—as are “t” and “f”, etc. The OCR process is enhanced by use ofthis relationship to construct templates for letters that have not beenscanned yet. For example, where a reader scans a short string of textfrom a paper document in a previously unencountered font such that thesystem does not have a set of image templates with which to compare thescanned images the system can leverage the probable relationship betweencertain characters to construct the font template library even though ithas not yet encountered all of the letters in the alphabet. The systemcan then use the constructed font template library to recognizesubsequent scanned text and to further refine the constructed fontlibrary.

9.8. Send Anything Unrecognized (Including Graphics) to Server

When images cannot be machine-transcribed into a form suitable for usein a search process, the images themselves can be saved for later use bythe user, for possible manual transcription, or for processing at alater date when different resources may be available to the system.

10. P-Commerce

Many of the actions made possible by the system result in somecommercial transaction taking place. The phrase p-commerce is usedherein to describe commercial activities initiated from paper via thesystem.

10.1. Sales of Documents from their Physical Printed Copies.

When a user captures text from a document, the user may be offered thatdocument for purchase either in paper or electronic form. The user mayalso be offered related documents, such as those quoted or otherwisereferred to in the paper document, or those on a similar subject, orthose by the same author.

10.2. Sales of Anything Else Initiated or Aided by Paper

The capture of text may be linked to other commercial activities in avariety of ways. The captured text may be in a catalog that isexplicitly designed to sell items, in which case the text will beassociated fairly directly with the purchase of an item (Section 18.2).The text may also be part of an advertisement, in which case a sale ofthe item being advertised may ensue.

In other cases, the user captures other text from which their potentialinterest in a commercial transaction may be deduced. A reader of a novelset in a particular country, for example, might be interested in aholiday there. Someone reading a review of a new car might beconsidering purchasing it. The user may capture a particular fragment oftext knowing that some commercial opportunity will be presented to themas a result, or it may be a side-effect of their capture activities.

10.3. Capture of Labels, Icons, Serial Numbers Barcodes on an ItemResulting in a Sale

Sometimes text or symbols are actually printed on an item or itspackaging. An example is the serial number or product id often found ona label on the back or underside of a piece of electronic equipment. Thesystem can offer the user a convenient way to purchase one or more ofthe same items by capturing that text. They may also be offered manuals,support or repair services.

10.4. Contextual Advertisements

In addition to the direct capture of text from an advertisement, thesystem allows for a new kind of advertising which is not necessarilyexplicitly in the rendered document, but is nonetheless based on whatpeople are reading.

10.4.1. Advertising Based on Scan Context and History

In a traditional paper publication, advertisements generally consume alarge amount of space relative to the text of a newspaper article, and alimited number of them can be placed around a particular article. In thedescribed system, advertising can be associated with individual words orphrases, and can selected according to the particular interest the userhas shown by capturing that text and possibly taking into account theirhistory of past scans.

With the described system, it is possible for a purchase to be tied to aparticular printed document and for an advertiser to get significantlymore feedback about the effectiveness of their advertising in particularprint publications.

10.4.2. Advertising Based on User Context and History

The system may gather a large amount of information about other aspectsof a user's context for its own use (Section 13); estimates of thegeographical location of the user are a good example. Such data can alsobe used to tailor the advertising presented to a user of the system.

10.5. Models of Compensation.

The system enables some new models of compensation for advertisers andmarketers. The publisher of a printed document containing advertisementsmay receive some income from a purchase that originated from theirdocument. This may be true whether or not the advertisement existed inthe original printed form; it may have been added electronically eitherby the publisher, the advertiser or some third party, and the sources ofsuch advertising may have been subscribed to by the user.

10.5.1. Popularity-Based Compensation

Analysis of the statistics generated by the system can reveal thepopularity of certain parts of a publication (Section 14.2). In anewspaper, for example, it might reveal the amount of time readers spendlooking at a particular page or article, or the popularity of aparticular columnist. In some circumstances, it may be appropriate foran author or publisher to receive compensation based on the activitiesof the readers rather than on more traditional metrics such as wordswritten or number of copies distributed. An author whose work becomes afrequently read authority on a subject might be considered differentlyin future contracts from one whose books have sold the same number ofcopies but are rarely opened. (See also Section 7.6)

10.5.2. Popularity-Based Advertising

Decisions about advertising in a document may also be based onstatistics about the readership. The advertising space around the mostpopular columnists may be sold at a premium rate. Advertisers might evenbe charged or compensated some time after the document is publishedbased on knowledge about how it was received.

10.6. Marketing Based on Life Library

The “Life Library” or scan history described in Sections 6.1 and 16.1can be an extremely valuable source of information about the interestsand habits of a user. Subject to the appropriate consent and privacyissues, such data can inform offers of goods or services to the user.Even in an anonymous form, the statistics gathered can be exceedinglyuseful.

10.7. Sale/Information at Later Date (when Available)

Advertising and other opportunities for commercial transactions may notbe presented to the user immediately at the time of text capture. Forexample, the opportunity to purchase a sequel to a novel may not beavailable at the time the user is reading the novel, but the system maypresent them with that opportunity when the sequel is published.

A user may capture data that relates to a purchase or other commercialtransaction, but may choose not to initiate and/or complete thetransaction at the time the capture is made. In some embodiments, datarelated to captures is stored in a user's Life Library, and these LifeLibrary entries can remain “active” (i.e., capable of subsequentinteractions similar to those available at the time the capture wasmade). Thus a user may review a capture at some later time, andoptionally complete a transaction based on that capture. Because thesystem can keep track of when and where the original capture occurred,all parties involved in the transaction can be properly compensated. Forexample, the author who wrote the story—and the publisher who publishedthe story—that appeared next to the advertisement from which the usercaptured data can be compensated when, six months later, the user visitstheir Life Library, selects that particular capture from the history,and chooses “Purchase this item at Amazon” from the pop-up menu (whichcan be similar or identical to the menu optionally presented at the timeof the capture).

11. Operating System and Application Integration

Modem Operating Systems (OSs) and other software packages have manycharacteristics that can be advantageously exploited for use with thedescribed system, and may also be modified in various ways to provide aneven better platform for its use.

11.1. Incorporation of Scan and Print-Related Information in Metadataand Indexing

New and upcoming file systems and their associated databases often havethe ability to store a variety of metadata associated with each file.Traditionally, this metadata has included such things as the ID of theuser who created the file, the dates of creation, last modification, andlast use. Newer file systems allow such extra information as keywords,image characteristics, document sources and user comments to be stored,and in some systems this metadata can be arbitrarily extended. Filesystems can therefore be used to store information that would be usefulin implementing the current system. For example, the date when a givendocument was last printed can be stored by the file system, as candetails about which text from it has been captured from paper using thedescribed system, and when and by whom.

Operating systems are also starting to incorporate search enginefacilities that allow users to find local files more easily. Thesefacilities can be advantageously used by the system. It means that manyof the search-related concepts discussed in Sections 3 and 4 apply notjust to today's Internet-based and similar search engines, but also toevery personal computer.

In some cases specific software applications will also include supportfor the system above and beyond the facilities provided by the OS.

11.2. OS Support for Capture Devices

As the use of capture devices such as pen scanners becomes increasinglycommon, it will become desirable to build support for them into theoperating system, in much the same way as support is provided for miceand printers, since the applicability of capture devices extends beyonda single software application. The same will be true for other aspectsof the system's operation. Some examples are discussed below. In someembodiments, the entire described system, or the core of it, is providedby the OS. In some embodiments, support for the system is provided byApplication Programming Interfaces (APIs) that can be used by othersoftware packages, including those directly implementing aspects of thesystem.

11.2.1. Support for OCR and Other Recognition Technologies

Most of the methods of capturing text from a rendered document requiresome recognition software to interpret the source data, typically ascanned image or some spoken words, as text suitable for use in thesystem. Some OSs include support for speech or handwriting recognition,though it is less common for OS to include support for OCR, since in thepast the use of OCR has typically been limited to a small range ofapplications.

As recognition components become part of the OS, they can take betteradvantage of other facilities provided by the OS. Many systems includespelling dictionaries, grammar analysis tools, internationalization andlocalization-facilities, for example, all of which can be advantageouslyemployed by the described system for its recognition process, especiallysince they may have been customized for the particular user to includewords and phrases that he/she would commonly encounter.

If the operating system includes full-text indexing facilities, thenthese can also be used to inform the recognition process, as describedin Section 9.3.

11.2.2 Action to be Taken on Scans

If an optical scan or other capture occurs and is presented to the OS,it may have a default action to be taken under those circumstances inthe event that no other subsystem claims ownership of the capture. Anexample of a default action is presenting the user with a choice ofalternatives, or submitting the captured text to the OS's built-insearch facilities.

11.2.3. OS has Default Action for Particular Documents or Document Types

If the digital source of the rendered document is found, the OS may havea standard action that it will take when that particular document, or adocument of that class, is scanned. Applications and other subsystemsmay register with the OS as potential handlers of particular types ofcapture; in a similar manner to the announcement by applications oftheir ability to handle certain file types.

Markup data associated with a rendered document, or with a capture froma document, can include instructions to the operating system to launchspecific applications, pass applications arguments, parameters, or data,etc.

11.2.4. Interpretation of Gestures and Mapping into Standard Actions

In Section 12.1.3 the use of “gestures” is discussed, particularly inthe case of optical scanning, where particular movements made with ahandheld scanner might represent standard actions such as marking thestart and end of a region of text.

This is analogous to actions such as pressing the shift key on akeyboard while using the cursor keys to select a region of text, orusing the wheel on a mouse to scroll a document. Such actions by theuser are sufficiently standard that they are interpreted in asystem-wide way by the OS, thus ensuring consistent behavior. The sameis desirable for scanner gestures and other scanner-related actions.

11.2.5. Set Response to Standard (and Non-Standard) Iconic/Text PrintedMenu Items

In a similar way, certain items of text or other symbols may, whenscanned, cause standard actions to occur, and the OS may provide aselection of these. An example might be that scanning the text “[print]”in any document would cause the OS to retrieve and print a copy of thatdocument. The OS may also provide a way to register such actions andassociate them with particular scans.

11.3. Support in System GUI Components for Typical Scan-InitiatedActivities

Most software applications are based substantially on standard GraphicalUser Interface components provided by the OS.

Use of these components by developers helps to ensure consistentbehavior across multiple packages, for example that pressing theleft-cursor key in any text-editing context should move the cursor tothe left, without every programmer having to implement the samefunctionality independently.

A similar consistency in these components is desirable when theactivities are initiated by text-capture or other aspects of thedescribed system. Some examples are given below.

11.3.1. Interface to Find Particular Text Content

A typical use of the system may be for the user to scan an area of apaper document, and for the system to open the electronic counterpart ina software package that is able to display or edit it, and cause thatpackage to scroll to and highlight the scanned text (Section 12.2.1).The first part of this process, finding and opening the electronicdocument, is typically provided by the OS and is standard acrosssoftware packages. The second part, however—locating a particular pieceof text within a document and causing the package to scroll to it andhighlight it—is not yet standardized and is often implementeddifferently by each package. The availability of a standard API for thisfunctionality could greatly enhance the operation of this aspect of thesystem.

11.3.2. Text Interactions

Once a piece of text has been located within a document, the system maywish to perform a variety of operations upon that text. As an example,the system may request the surrounding text, so that the user's captureof a few words could result in the system accessing the entire sentenceor paragraph containing them. Again, this functionality can be usefullyprovided by the OS rather than being implemented in every piece ofsoftware that handles text.

11.3.3. Contextual (Popup) Menus

) Some of the operations that are enabled by the system will requireuser feedback, and this may be optimally requested within the context ofthe application handling the data. In some embodiments, the system usesthe application pop-up menus traditionally associated with clicking theright mouse button on some text. The system inserts extra options intosuch menus, and causes them to be displayed as a result of activitiessuch as scanning a paper document.

11.4. Web/Network Interfaces

In today's increasingly networked world, much of the functionalityavailable on individual machines can also be accessed over a network,and the functionality associated with the described system is noexception. As an example, in an office environment, many paper documentsreceived by a user may have been printed by other users' machines on thesame corporate network. The system on one computer, in response to acapture, may be able to query those other machines for documents whichmay correspond to that capture, subject to the appropriate permissioncontrols.

11.5. Printing of Document Causes Saving

An important factor in the integration of paper and digital documents ismaintaining as much information as possible about the transitionsbetween the two. In some embodiments, the OS keeps a simple record ofwhen any document was printed and by whom. In some embodiments, the OStakes one or more further actions that would make it better suited foruse with the system. Examples include:

-   -   Saving the digital rendered version of every document printed        along with information about the source from which it was        printed    -   Saving a subset of useful information about the printed        version—for example, the fonts used and where the line breaks        occur—which might aid future scan interpretation    -   Saving the version of the source document associated with any        printed copy    -   Indexing the document automatically at the time of printing and        storing the results for future searching

11.6. My (Printed/Scanned) Documents

An OS often maintains certain categories of folders or files that haveparticular significance. A user's documents may, by convention ordesign, be found in a “My Documents” folder, for example. Standardfile-opening dialogs may automatically include a list of recently openeddocuments.

On an OS optimized for use with the described system, such categoriesmay be enhanced or augmented in ways that take into account a user'sinteraction with paper versions of the stored files. Categories such as“My Printed Documents” or “My Recently-Read Documents” might usefully beidentified and incorporated in its operations.

11.7. OS-Level Markup Hierarchies

Since important aspects of the system are typically provided using the“markup” concepts discussed in Section 5, it would clearly beadvantageous to have support for such markup provided by the OS in a waythat was accessible to multiple applications as well as to the OSitself. In addition, layers of markup may be provided by the OS, basedon its own knowledge of documents under its control and the facilitiesit is able to provide.

11.8. Use of OS DRM Facilities

An increasing number of operating systems support some form of “DigitalRights Management”: the ability to control the use of particular dataaccording to the rights granted to a particular user, software entity ormachine. It may inhibit unauthorized copying or distribution of aparticular document, for example.

12. User Interface

The user interface of the system may be entirely on a PC, if the capturedevice is relatively dumb and is connected to it by a cable, or entirelyon the device, if it is sophisticated and with significant processingpower of its own. In some cases, some functionality resides in eachcomponent. Part, or indeed all, of the system's functionality may alsobe implemented on other devices such as mobile phones or PDAs.

The descriptions in the following sections are therefore indications ofwhat may be desirable in certain implementations, but they are notnecessarily appropriate for all and may be modified in several ways.

12.1. On the Capture Device

With all capture devices, but particularly in the case of an opticalscanner, the user's attention will generally be on the device and thepaper at the time of scanning. It is very desirable, then, that anyinput and feedback needed as part of the process of scanning do notrequire the user's attention to be elsewhere, for example on the screenof a computer, more than is necessary.

12.1.1. Feedback on Scanner

A handheld scanner may have a variety of ways of providing feedback tothe user about particular conditions. The most obvious types are directvisual, where the scanner incorporates indicator lights or even a fulldisplay, and auditory, where the scanner can make beeps, clicks or othersounds. Important alternatives include tactile feedback, where thescanner can vibrate, buzz, or otherwise stimulate the user's sense oftouch, and projected feedback, where it indicates a status by projectingonto the paper anything from a colored spot of light to a sophisticateddisplay.

Important immediate feedback that may be provided on the deviceincludes:

-   -   feedback on the scanning process—user scanning too fast, at too        great an angle, or drifting too high or low on a particular line    -   sufficient content—enough has been scanned to be pretty certain        of finding a match if one exists—important for disconnected        operation    -   context known—a source of the text has been located    -   unique context known—one unique source of the text has been        located    -   availability of content—indication of whether the content is        freely available to the user, or at a cost

Many of the user interactions normally associated with the later stagesof the system may also take place on the capture device if it hassufficient abilities, for example, to display part or all of a document.

12.1.2. Controls on Scanner

The device may provide a variety of ways for the user to provide inputin addition to basic text capture. Even when the device is in closeassociation with a host machine that has input options such as keyboardsand mice, it can be disruptive for the user to switch back and forthbetween manipulating the scanner and using a mouse, for example.

The handheld scanner may have buttons, scroll/jog-wheels,touch-sensitive surfaces, and/or accelerometers for detecting themovement of the device. Some of these allow a richer set of interactionswhile still holding the scanner.

For example, in response to scanning some text, the system presents theuser with a set of several possible matching documents. The user uses ascroll-wheel on the side of the scanner is to select one from the list,and clicks a button to confirm the selection.

12.1.3. Gestures

The primary reason for moving a scanner across the paper is to capturetext, but some movements may be detected by the device and used toindicate other user intentions. Such movements are referred to herein as“gestures”.

As an example, the user can indicate a large region of text by scanningthe first few words in conventional left-to-right order, and the lastfew in reverse order, i.e. right to left. The user can also indicate thevertical extent of the text of interest by moving the scanner down thepage over several lines. A backwards scan might indicate cancellation ofthe previous scan operation.

12.1.4. Online/Offline Behavior

Many aspects of the system may depend on network connectivity, eitherbetween components of the system such as a scanner and a host laptop, orwith the outside world in the form of a connection to corporatedatabases and Internet search. This connectivity may not be present allthe time, however, and so there will be occasions when part or all ofthe system may be considered to be “offline”. It is desirable to allowthe system to continue to function usefully in those circumstances.

The device may be used to capture text when it is out of contact withother parts of the system. A very simple device may simply be able tostore the image or audio data associated with the capture, ideally witha timestamp indicating when it was captured. The various captures may beuploaded to the rest of the system when the device is next in contactwith it, and handled then. The device may also upload other dataassociated with the captures, for example voice annotations associatedwith optical scans, or location information.

More sophisticated devices may be able to perform some or all of thesystem operations themselves despite being disconnected. Varioustechniques for improving their ability to do so are discussed in Section15.3. Often it will be the case that some, but not all, of the desiredactions can be performed while offline. For example, the text may berecognized, but identification of the source may depend on a connectionto an Internet-based search engine. In some embodiments, the devicetherefore stores sufficient information about how far each operation hasprogressed for the rest of the system to proceed efficiently whenconnectivity is restored.

The operation of the system will, in general, benefit from immediatelyavailable connectivity, but there are some situations in whichperforming several captures and then processing them as a batch can haveadvantages. For example, as discussed in Section 13 below, theidentification of the source of a particular capture may be greatlyenhanced by examining other captures made by the user at approximatelythe same time. In a fully connected system where live feedback is beingprovided to the user, the system is only able to use past captures whenprocessing the current one. If the capture is one of a batch stored bythe device when offline, however, the system will be able to take intoaccount any data available from later captures as well as earlier oneswhen doing its analysis.

12.2. On a Host Device

A scanner will often communicate with some other device, such as a PC,PDA, phone or digital camera to perform many of the functions of thesystem, including more detailed interactions with the user.

12.2.1. Activities Performed in Response to a Capture

When the host device receives a capture, it may initiate a variety ofactivities. An incomplete list of possible activities performed by thesystem after locating and electronic counterpart document associatedwith the capture and a location within that document follows.

-   -   The details of the capture may be stored in the user's history.        (Section 6.1)    -   The document may be retrieved from local storage or a remote        location. (Section 8)    -   The operating system's metadata and other records associated        with the document may be updated. (Section 11.1)    -   Markup associated with the document may be examined to determine        the next relevant operations. (Section 5)    -   A software application may be started to edit, view or otherwise        operate on the document. The choice of application may depend on        the source document, or on the contents of the scan, or on some        other aspect of the capture. (Section 11.2.2, 11.2.3)    -   The application may scroll to, highlight, move the insertion        point to, or otherwise indicate the location of the capture.        (Section 11.3)    -   The precise bounds of the captured text may be modified, for        example to select whole words, sentences or paragraphs around        the captured text. (Section 11.3.2)    -   The user may be given the option to copy the capture text to the        clipboard or perform other standard operating system or        application-specific operations upon it    -   Annotations may be associated with the document or the captured        text. These may come from immediate user input, or may have been        captured earlier, for example in the case of voice annotations        associated with an optical scan. (Section 19.4)    -   Markup may be examined to determine a set of further possible        operations for the user to select.

12.2.2. Contextual Popup Menus

Sometimes the appropriate action to be taken by the system will beobvious, but sometimes it will require a choice to be made by the user.One good way to do this is through the use of “popup menus” or, in caseswhere the content is also being displayed on a screen, with so-called“contextual menus” that appear close to the content. (See Section11.3.3). In some embodiments, the scanner device projects a popup menuonto the paper document. A user may select from such menus usingtraditional methods such as a keyboard and mouse, or by using controlson the capture device (Section 12.1.2), gestures (Section 12.1.3), or byinteracting with the computer display using the scanner (Section12.2.4). In some embodiments, the popup menus which can appear as aresult of a capture include default items representing actions whichoccur if the user does not respond—for example, if the user ignores themenu and makes another capture.

12.2.3. Feedback on Disambiguation

When a user starts capturing text, there will initially be severaldocuments or other text locations that it could match. As more text iscaptured, and other factors are taken into account (Section 13), thenumber of candidate locations will decrease until the actual location isidentified, or further disambiguation is not possible without userinput. In some embodiments, the system provides a real-time display ofthe documents or the locations found, for example in list,thumbnail-image or text-segment form, and for the number of elements inthat display to reduce in number as capture continues. In someembodiments, the system displays thumbnails of all candidate documents,where the size or position of the thumbnail is dependent on theprobability of it being the correct match.

When a capture is unambiguously identified, this fact may be emphasizedto the user, for example using audio feedback.

Sometimes the text captured will occur in many documents and will berecognized to be a quotation. The system may indicate this on thescreen, for example by grouping documents containing a quoted referencearound the original source document.

12.2.4. Scanning from Screen

Some optical scanners may be able to capture text displayed on a screenas well as on paper. Accordingly, the term rendered document is usedherein to indicate that printing onto paper is not the only form ofrendering, and that the capture of text or symbols for use by the systemmay be equally valuable when that text is displayed on an electronicdisplay.

The user of the described system may be required to interact with acomputer screen for a variety of other reasons, such as to select from alist of options. It can be inconvenient for the user to put down thescanner and start using the mouse or keyboard. Other sections havedescribed physical controls on the scanner (Section 12.1.2) or gestures(Section 12.1.3) as methods of input which do not require this change oftool, but using the scanner on the screen itself to scan some text orsymbol is an important alternative provided by the system.

In some embodiments, the optics of the scanner allow it to be used in asimilar manner to a light-pen, directly sensing its position on thescreen without the need for actual scanning of text, possibly with theaid of special hardware or software on the computer.

13. Context Interpretation

An important aspect of the described system is the use of other factors,beyond the simple capture of a string of text, to help identify thedocument in use. A capture of a modest amount of text may often identifythe document uniquely, but in many situations it will identify a fewcandidate documents. One solution is to prompt the user to confirm thedocument being scanned, but a preferable alternative is to make use ofother factors to narrow down the possibilities automatically. Suchsupplemental information can dramatically reduce the amount of text thatneeds to be captured and/or increase the reliability and speed withwhich the location in the electronic counterpart can be identified. Thisextra material is referred to as “context”, and it was discussed brieflyin Section 4.2.2. We now consider it in more depth.

13.1. System and Capture Context

Perhaps the most important example of such information is, the user'scapture history.

It is highly probable that any given capture comes from the samedocument as the previous one, or from an associated document, especiallyif the previous capture took place in the last few minutes (Section6.12). Conversely, if the system detects that the font has changedbetween two scans, it is more likely that they are from differentdocuments.

Also useful are the user's longer-term capture history and readinghabits. These can also be used to develop a model of the user'sinterests and associations.

13.2. User's Real-World Context

Another example of useful context is the user's geographical location. Auser in Paris is much more likely to be reading Le Monde than theSeattle Times, for example. The timing, size and geographicaldistribution of printed versions of the documents can therefore beimportant, and can to some degree be deduced from the operation of thesystem.

The time of day may also be relevant, for example in the case of a userwho always reads one type of publication on the way to work, and adifferent one at lunchtime or on the train going home.

13.3. Related Digital Context

The user's recent use of electronic documents, including those searchedfor or retrieved by more conventional means, can also be a helpfulindicator.

In some cases, such as on a corporate network, other factors may beusefully considered:

-   -   Which documents have been printed recently?    -   Which documents have been modified recently on the corporate        file server?    -   Which documents have been emailed recently?

All of these examples might suggest that a user was more likely to bereading a paper version of those documents. In contrast, if therepository in which a document resides can affirm that the document hasnever been printed or sent anywhere where it might have been printed,then it can be safely eliminated in any searches originating from paper.

13.4. Other Statistics—the Global Context

Section 14 covers the analysis of the data stream resulting frompaper-based searches, but it should be noted here that statistics aboutthe popularity of documents with other readers, about the timing of thatpopularity, and about the parts of documents most frequently scanned areall examples of further factors which can be beneficial in the searchprocess. The system brings the possibility of Google-type page-rankingto the world of paper.

See also Section 4.2.2 for some other implications of the use of contextfor search engines.

14. Data-Stream Analysis

The use of the system generates an exceedingly valuable data-stream as aside effect. This stream is a record of what users are reading and when,and is in many cases a record of what they find particularly valuable inthe things they read. Such data has never really been available beforefor paper documents.

Some ways in which this data can be useful for the system, and for theuser of the system, are described in Section 6.1. This sectionconcentrates on its use for others. There are, of course, substantialprivacy issues to be considered with any distribution of data about whatpeople are reading, but such issues as preserving the anonymity of dataare well known to those of skill in the art.

14.1. Document Tracking

When the system knows which documents any given user is reading, it canalso deduce who is reading any given document. This allows the trackingof a document through an organization, to allow analysis, for example,of who is reading it and when, how widely it was distributed, how longthat distribution took, and who has seen current versions while othersare still working from out-of-date copies.

For published documents that have a wider distribution, the tracking ofindividual copies is more difficult, but the analysis of thedistribution of readership is still possible.

14.2. Read Ranking—Popularity of Documents and Sub-Regions

In situations where users are capturing text or other data that is ofparticular interest to them, the system can deduce the popularity ofcertain documents and of particular sub-regions of those documents. Thisforms a valuable input to the system itself (Section 42.2) and animportant source of information for authors, publishers and advertisers(Section 7.6, Section 10.5). This data is also useful when integrated insearch engines and search indices—for example, to assist in rankingsearch results for queries coming from rendered documents, and/or toassist in ranking conventional queries typed into a web browser.

14.3. Analysis of Users—Building Profiles

Knowledge of what a user is reading enables the system to create a quitedetailed model of the user's interests and activities. This can beuseful on an abstract statistical basis—“35% of users who buy thisnewspaper also read the latest book by that author”—but it can alsoallow other interactions with the individual user, as discussed below.

14.3.1. Social Networking

One example is connecting one user with others who have relatedinterests. These may be people already known to the user. The system mayask a university professor, “Did you know that your colleague at XYZUniversity has also just read this paper?” The system may ask a user,“Do you want to be linked up with other people in your neighborhood whoare also how reading Jane Eyre?” Such links may be the basis for theautomatic formation of book clubs and similar social structures, eitherin the physical world or online.

14.3.2. Marketing

Section 10.6 has already mentioned the idea of offering products andservices to an individual user based on their interactions with thesystem. Current online booksellers, for example, often makerecommendations to a user based on their previous interactions with thebookseller. Such recommendations become much more useful when they arebased on interactions with the actual, books.

14.4. Marketing Based on Other Aspects of the Data-Stream

We have discussed some of the ways in which the system may influencethose publishing documents, those advertising through them, and othersales initiated from paper (Section 10). Some commercial activities mayhave no direct interaction with the paper documents at all and yet maybe influenced by them. For example, the knowledge that people in onecommunity spend more time reading the sports section of the newspaperthan they do the financial section might be of interest to somebodysetting up a health club.

14.5. Types of Data that May be Captured

In addition to the statistics discussed, such as who is reading whichbits of which documents, and when and where, it can be of interest toexamine the actual contents of the text captured, regardless of whetheror not the document has been located.

In many situations, the user will also not just be capturing some text,but will be causing some action to occur as a result. It might beemailing a reference to the document to an acquaintance, for example.Even in the absence of information about the identity of the user or therecipient of the email, the knowledge that somebody considered thedocument worth emailing is very useful.

In addition to the various methods discussed for deducing the value of aparticular document or piece of text, in some circumstances the userwill explicitly indicate the value by assigning it a rating.

Lastly, when a particular set of users are known to form a group, forexample when they are known to be employees of a particular company, theaggregated statistics of that group can be used to deduce the importanceof a particular document to that group.

15. Device Features and Functions

A capture device for use with the system needs little more than a way ofcapturing text from a rendered version of the document. As describedearlier (Section 1.2), this capture may be achieved through a variety ofmethods including taking a photograph of part of the document or typingsome words into a mobile phone keypad. This capture may be achievedusing a small hand-held optical scanner capable of recording a line ortwo of text at a time, or an audio capture device such as avoice-recorder into which the user is reading text from the document.The device used may be a combination of these—an optical scanner whichcould also record voice annotations, for example—and the capturingfunctionality may be built into some other device such as a mobilephone, PDA, digital camera or portable music player.

15.1. Input and Output

Many of the possibly beneficial additional input and output facilitiesfor such a device have been described in Section 12.1. They includebuttons, scroll-wheels and touch-pads for input, and displays, indicatorlights, audio and tactile transducers for output. Sometimes the devicewill incorporate many of these, sometimes very few. Sometimes thecapture device will be able to communicate with another device thatalready has them (Section 15.6), for example using a wireless link, andsometimes the capture functionality will be incorporated into such otherdevice (Section 15.7).

15.2. Connectivity

In some embodiments, the device implements the majority of the systemitself. In some embodiments, however, it often communicates with a PC orother computing device and with the wider world using communicationsfacilities.

Often these communications facilities are in the form of ageneral-purpose data network such as Ethernet, 802.11 or UWB or astandard peripheral-connecting network such as USB, IEEE-1394(Firewire), Bluetooth™or infra-red. When a wired connection such asFirewire or USB is used, the device may receive electrical power thoughthe same connection. In some circumstances, the capture device mayappear to a connected machine to be a conventional peripheral such as aUSB storage device.

Lastly, the device may in some circumstances “dock” with another device,either to be used in conjunction with that device or for convenientstorage.

15.3. Caching and Other Online/Offline Functionality

Sections 3.5 and 12.1.4 have raised the topic of disconnected operation.When a capture device has a limited subset of the total system'sfunctionality, and is not in communication with the other parts of thesystem, the device can still be useful, though the functionalityavailable will sometimes be reduced. At the simplest level, the devicecan record the raw image or audio data being captured and this can beprocessed later. For the user's benefit, however, it can be important togive feedback where possible about whether the data captured is likelyto be sufficient for the task in hand, whether it can be recognized oris likely to be recognizable, and whether the source of the data can beidentified or is likely to be identifiable later. The user will thenknow whether their capturing activity is worthwhile. Even when all ofthe above are unknown, the raw data can still be stored so that, at thevery least, the user can refer to them later. The user may be presentedwith the image of a scan; for example, when the scan cannot berecognized by the OCR process.

To illustrate some of the range of options available, both a ratherminimal optical scanning device and then a much more full-featured oneare described below. Many devices occupy a middle ground between thetwo.

15.3.1. The SimpleScanner—a Low-End Offline Example

The SimpleScanner has a scanning head able to read pixels from the pageas it is moved along the length of a line of text. It can detect itsmovement along the page and record the pixels with some informationabout the movement. It also has a clock, which allows each scan to betime-stamped. The clock is synchronized with a host device when theSimpleScanner has connectivity. The clock may not represent the actualtime of day, but relative times may be determined from it so that thehost can deduce the actual time of a scan, or at worst the elapsed timebetween scans.

The SimpleScanner does not have sufficient processing power to performany OCR itself, but it does have some basic knowledge about typicalword-lengths, word-spacings, and their relationship to font size. It hassome basic indicator lights which tell the user whether the scan islikely to be readable, whether the head is being moved too fast, tooslowly or too inaccurately across the paper, and when it determines thatsufficient words of a given size are likely to have been scanned for thedocument to be identified.

The SimpleScanner has a USB connector and can be plugged into the USBport on a computer, where it will be recharged. To the computer itappears to be a USB storage device on which time-stamped data files havebeen recorded, and the rest of the system software takes over from thispoint.

15.3.2. The SuperScanner—a High-End Offline Example

The SuperScanner also depends on connectivity for its full operation,but it has a significant amount of on-board storage and processing whichcan help it make better judgments about the data captured while offline.

As it moves along the line of text, the captured pixels are stitchedtogether and passed to an OCR engine that attempts to recognize thetext. A number of fonts, including those from the user's most-readpublications, have been downloaded to it to help perform this task, ashas a dictionary that is synchronized with the user's spelling-checkerdictionary on their PC and so contains many of the words they frequentlyencounter. Also stored on the scanner is a list of words and phraseswith the typical frequency of their use—this may be combined with thedictionary. The scanner can use the frequency statistics both to helpwith the recognition process and also to inform its judgment about whena sufficient quantity of text has been captured; more frequently usedphrases are less likely to be useful as the basis for a search query.

In addition, the full index for the articles in the recent issues of thenewspapers and periodicals most commonly read by the user are stored onthe device, as are the indices for the books the user has recentlypurchased from an online bookseller, or from which the user has scannedanything within the last few months. Lastly, the titles of severalthousand of the most popular publications which have data available forthe system are stored so that, in the absence of other information theuser can scan the title and have a good idea as to whether or notcaptures from a particular work are likely to be retrievable inelectronic form later.

During the scanning process, the system informs user that the captureddata has been of sufficient quality and of a sufficient nature to makeit probable that the electronic copy can be retrieved when connectivityis restored. Often the system indicates to the user that the scan isknown to have been successful and that the context has been recognizedin one of the on-board indices, or that the publication concerned isknown to be making its data available to the system, so the laterretrieval ought to be successful.

The SuperScanner docks in a cradle connected to a PC's Firewire or USBport, at which point, in addition to the upload of captured data, itsvarious onboard indices and other databases are updated based on recentuser activity and new publications. It also has the facility to connectto wireless public networks or to communicate via Bluetooth to a mobilephone and thence with the public network when such facilities areavailable.

15.4. Features for Optical Scanning

We now consider some of the features that may be particularly desirablein an optical scanner device.

15.4.1. Flexible Positioning and Convenient Optics

One of the reasons for the continuing popularity of paper is the ease ofits use in a wide variety of situations where a computer, for example,would be impractical or inconvenient. A device intended to capture asubstantial part of a user's interaction with paper should therefore besimilarly convenient in use. This has not been the case for scanners inthe past; even the smallest hand-held devices have been somewhatunwieldy. Those designed to be in contact with the page have to be heldat a precise angle to the paper and moved very carefully along thelength of the text to be scanned. This is acceptable when scanning abusiness report on an office desk, but may be impractical when scanninga phrase from a novel while waiting for a train. Scanners based oncamera-type optics that operate at a distance from the paper maysimilarly be useful in some circumstances.

Some embodiments of the system use a scanner that scans in contact withthe paper, and which, instead of lenses, uses an image conduit a bundleof optical fibers to transmit the image from the page to the opticalsensor device. Such a device can be shaped to allow it to be held in anatural position; for example, in some embodiments, the part in contactwith the page is wedge-shaped, allowing the user's hand to move morenaturally over the page in a movement similar to the use of ahighlighter pen. The conduit is either in direct contact with the paperor in close proximity to it, and may have a replaceable transparent tipthat can protect the image conduit from possible damage. As has beenmentioned in Section 12.2.4, the scanner may be used to scan from ascreen as well as from paper, and the material of the tip can be chosento reduce the likelihood of damage to such displays.

Lastly, some embodiments of the device will provide feedback to the userduring the scanning process which will indicate through the use oflight, sound or tactile feedback when the user is scanning too fast, tooslow, too unevenly or is drifting too high or low on the scanned line.

15.5. Security, Identity, Authentication, Personalization and Billing

As described in Section 6, the capture device may form an important partof identification and authorization for secure transactions, purchases,and a variety of other operations. It may therefore incorporate, inaddition to the circuitry and software required for such a role, varioushardware features that can make it more secure, such as a smartcardreader, RFID, or a keypad on which to type a PIN.

It may also include various biometric sensors to help identify the user.In the case of an optical scanner, for example, the scanning head mayalso be able to read a fingerprint. For a voice recorder, the voicepattern of the user may be used.

15.6. Device Associations

In some embodiments, the device is able to form an association withother nearby devices to increase either its own or their functionality.In some embodiments, for example, it uses the display of a nearby PC orphone to give more detailed feedback about its operation, or uses theirnetwork connectivity. The device may, on the other hand, operate in itsrole as a security and identification device to authenticate operationsperformed by the other device. Or it may simply form an association inorder to function as a peripheral to that device.

An interesting aspect of such associations is that they may be initiatedand authenticated using the capture facilities of the device. Forexample, a user wishing to identify themselves securely to a publiccomputer terminal may use the scanning facilities of the device to scana code or symbol displayed on a particular area of the terminals screenand so effect a key transfer. An analogous process may be performedusing audio signals picked up by a voice-recording device.

15.7. Integration with Other Devices

In some embodiments, the functionality of the capture device isintegrated into some other device that is already in use. The integrateddevices may be able to share a power supply, data capture and storagecapabilities, and network interfaces. Such integration may be donesimply for convenience, to reduce cost, or to enable functionality thatwould not otherwise be available.

Some examples of devices into which the capture functionality can beintegrated include:

-   -   an existing peripheral such as a mouse, a stylus, a USB “webcam”        camera, a Bluetooth™ headset or a remote control    -   another processing/storage device, such as a PDA, an MP3 player,        a voice recorder, a digital camera or a mobile phone    -   other often-carried items, just for convenience—a watch, a piece        of jewelry, a pen, a car key fob

15.7.1. Mobile Phone Integration

As an example of the benefits of integration, we consider the use of amodified mobile phone as the capture device.

In some embodiments, the phone hardware is not modified to support thesystem, such as where the text capture can be adequately done throughvoice recognition, where they can either be processed by the phoneitself, or handled by a system at the other end of a telephone call, orstored in the phone's memory for future processing. Many modern phoneshave the ability to download software that could implement some parts ofthe system. Such voice capture is likely to be suboptimal in manysituations, however, for example when there is substantial backgroundnoise, and accurate voice recognition is a difficult task at the best oftimes. The audio facilities may best be used to capture voiceannotations.

In some embodiments, the camera built into many mobile phones is used tocapture an image of the text. The phone display, which would normallyact as a viewfinder for the—camera, may overlay on the live camera imageinformation about the quality of the image and its—suitability for OCR,which segments of text are being captured, and even a transcription ofthe text if the OCR can be performed on the phone.

In some embodiments, the phone is modified to add dedicated capturefacilities, or to provide such functionality in a clip-on adaptor or aseparate Bluetooth-connected peripheral in communication with the phone.Whatever the nature of the capture mechanism, the integration with amodem cellphone has many other advantages. The phone has connectivitywith the wider world, which means that queries can be submitted toremote search engines or other parts of the system, and copies ofdocuments may be retrieved for immediate storage or viewing. A phonetypically has sufficient processing power for many of the functions ofthe system to be performed locally, and sufficient storage to capture areasonable amount of data. The amount of storage can also often beexpanded by the user. Phones have reasonably good displays and audiofacilities to provide user feedback, and often a vibrate function fortactile feedback. They also have good power supplies.

Most significantly of all, they are a device that most users are alreadycarrying.

Part III—Example Applications of the System

This section lists example uses of the system and applications that maybe built on it. This list is intended to be purely illustrative and inno sense exhaustive.

16. Personal Applications

16.1. Life Library

The Life Library (see also Section 6.1.1) is a digital archive of anyimportant documents that the subscriber wishes to save and is a set ofembodiments of services of this system. Important books, magazinearticles, newspaper clippings, etc., can all be saved in digital form inthe Life Library. Additionally, the subscriber's annotations, comments,and notes can be saved with the documents. The Life Library can beaccessed via the Internet and World Wide Web.

The system creates and manages the Life Library document archive forsubscribers. The subscriber indicates which documents the subscriberwishes to have saved in his life library by scanning information fromthe document or by otherwise indicating to the system that theparticular document is to be added to the subscriber's Life Library. Thescanned information is typically text from the document but can also bea barcode or other code identifying the document. The system accepts thecode and uses it to identify the source document. After the document isidentified the system can store either a copy of the document in theuser's Life Library or a link to a source where the document may beobtained.

One embodiment of the Life Library system can check whether thesubscriber is authorized to obtain the electronic copy. For example, ifa reader scans text or an identifier from a copy of an article in theNew York Times (NYT) so that the article will be added to the reader'sLife Library, the Life Library system will verify with the NYT whetherthe reader is subscribed to the online version of the NYT: if so, thereader gets a copy of the article stored in his Life Library account; ifnot, information identifying the document and how to order it is storedin his Life Library account.

In some embodiments, the system maintains a subscriber profile for eachsubscriber that includes access privilege information. Document accessinformation can be compiled in several ways, two of which are: 1) thesubscriber supplies the document access information to the Life Librarysystem, along with his account names and passwords, etc., or 2) the LifeLibrary service provider queries the publisher with the subscriber'sinformation and the publisher responds by providing access to anelectronic copy if the Life Library subscriber is authorized to accessthe material. If the Life Library subscriber is not authorized to havean electronic copy of the document, the publisher provides a price tothe Life Library service provider, which then provides the customer withthe option to purchase the electronic document. If so, the Life Libraryservice provider either pays the publisher directly and bills the LifeLibrary customer later or the Life Library service provider immediatelybills the customer's credit card for the purchase. The Life Libraryservice provider would get a percentage of the purchase price or a smallfixed fee for facilitating the transaction.

The system can archive the document in the subscriber's personal libraryand/or any other library to which the subscriber has archivalprivileges. For example, as a user scans text from a printed document,the Life Library system can identify the rendered document and itselectronic counterpart. After the source document is identified, theLife Library system might record information about the source documentin the user's personal library and in a group library to which thesubscriber has archival privileges. Group libraries are collaborativearchives such as a document repository for a group working together on aproject, a group of academic researchers, a group web log, etc.

The life library can be organized in many ways: chronologically, bytopic, by level of the subscriber's interest, by type of publication(newspaper, book, magazine, technical paper, etc.), where read, whenread, by ISBN or by Dewey decimal, etc. In one alternative, the systemcan learn classifications based on how other subscribers have classifiedthe same document. The system can suggest classifications to the user orautomatically classify the document for the user.

In various embodiments, annotations may be inserted directly into thedocument or may be maintained in a separate file. For example, when asubscriber scans text from a newspaper article, the article is archivedin his Life Library with the scanned text highlighted. Alternatively,the article is archived in his Life Library along with an associatedannotation file (thus leaving the archived document unmodified).Embodiments of the system can keep a copy of the source document in eachsubscriber's library, a copy in a master library that many subscriberscan access, or link to a copy held by the publisher.

In some embodiments, the Life Library stores only the user'smodifications to the document (e.g., highlights, etc.) and a link to anonline version of the document (stored elsewhere). The system or thesubscriber merges the changes with the document when the subscribersubsequently retrieves the document.

If the annotations are kept in a separate file, the source document andthe annotation file are provided to the subscriber and the subscribercombines, them to create a modified document. Alternatively, the systemcombines the two files prior to presenting them to the subscriber. Inanother alternative, the annotation file is an overlay to the documentfile and can be overlaid on the document by software in the subscriber'scomputer.

Subscribers to the Life Library service pay a monthly fee to have thesystem maintain the subscriber's archive. Alternatively, the subscriberpays a small amount (e.g., a micro-payment) for each document stored inthe archive. Alternatively, the subscriber pays to access thesubscriber's archive on a per-access fee. Alternatively, subscribers cancompile libraries and allow others to access the materials/annotationson a revenue share model with the Life Library service provider andcopyright holders. Alternatively, the Life Library service providerreceives a payment from the publisher when the Life Library subscriberorders a document (a revenue share model with the publisher, where theLife. Library service provider gets a share of the publisher's revenue).

In some embodiments, the Life Library service provider acts as anintermediary between the subscriber and the copyright holder (orcopyright holder's agent, such as the Copyright Clearance Center, a.k.a.CCC) to facilitate billing and payment for copyrighted materials. TheLife Library service provider uses the subscriber's billing informationand other user account information to provide this intermediationservice. Essentially, the Life Library service provider leverages thepre-existing relationship with the subscriber to enable purchase ofcopyrighted materials on behalf of the subscriber.

In some embodiments, the Life Library system can store excerpts fromdocuments. For example, when a subscriber scans text from a paperdocument, the regions around the scanned text are excerpted and placedin the Life Library, rather than the entire document being archived inthe life library. This is especially advantageous when the document islong because preserving the circumstances of the original scan preventsthe subscriber from re-reading the document to find the interestingportions. Of course, a hyperlink to the entire electronic counterpart ofthe paper document can be included with the excerpt materials.

In some embodiments, the system also stores information about thedocument in the Life Library, such as author, publication title,publication date, publisher, copyright holder (or copyright holder'slicensing agent), ISBN, links to public annotations of the document,readrank, etc. Some of this additional information about the document isa form of paper document metadata. Third parties may create publicannotation files for access by persons other than themselves, such thegeneral public. Linking to a third party's commentary on a document isadvantageous because reading annotation files of other users enhancesthe subscriber's understanding of the document.

In some embodiments, the system archives materials by class. Thisfeature allows a Life Library subscriber to quickly store electroniccounterparts to an entire class of paper documents without access toeach paper document. For example, when the subscriber scans some textfrom a copy of National Geographic magazine, the system provides thesubscriber with the option to archive all back issues of the NationalGeographic. If the subscriber elects to archive all back issues, theLife Library service provider would then verify with the NationalGeographic Society whether the subscriber is authorized to do so. Ifnot, the Life Library service provider can mediate the purchase of theright to archive the National Geographic magazine collection.

16.2. Life Saver

A variation on, or enhancement of, the Life Library concept is the “LifeSaver”, where the system uses the text captured by a user to deduce moreabout their other activities. The scanning of a menu from a particularrestaurant, a program from a particular theater performance, a timetableat a particular railway station, or an article from a local newspaperallows the system to make deductions about the user's location andsocial activities, and could construct an automatic diary for them, forexample as a website. The user would be able to edit and modify thediary, add additional materials such as photographs and, of course, lookagain at the items scanned.

17. Academic Applications

Portable scanners supported by the described system have many compellinguses in the academic setting. They can enhance student/teacherinteraction and augment the learning experience. Among other uses,students can annotate study materials to suit their unique needs;teachers can monitor classroom performance; and teachers canautomatically verify source materials cited in student assignments.

17.1. Children's Books

A child's interaction with a paper document, such as a book, ismonitored by a literacy acquisition system that employs a specific setof embodiments of this system. The child uses a portable scanner thatcommunicates with other elements of the literacy acquisition system. Inaddition to the portable scanner, the literacy acquisition systemincludes a computer having a display and speakers, and a databaseaccessible by the computer. The scanner is coupled with the computer(hardwired, short range RF, etc.). When the child sees an unknown wordin the book, the child scans it with the scanner. In one embodiment, theliteracy acquisition system compares the scanned text with the resourcesin its database to identify the word. The database includes adictionary, thesaurus, and/or multimedia files (e.g., sound, graphics,etc.). After the word has been identified, the system uses the computerspeakers to pronounce the word and its definition to the child. Inanother embodiment, the word and its definition are displayed by theliteracy acquisition system on the computer's monitor. Multimedia filesabout the scanned word can also be played through the computer's monitorand speakers. For example, if a child reading “Goldilocks and the ThreeBears” scanned the word “bear”, the system might pronounce the word“bear” and play a short video about bears on the computer's monitor. Inthis way, the child learns to pronounce the written word and is visuallytaught what the word means via the multimedia presentation.

The literacy acquisition system provides immediate auditory and/orvisual information to enhance the learning process. The child uses thissupplementary information to quickly acquire a deeper understanding ofthe written material. The system can be used to teach beginning readersto read, to help children acquire a larger vocabulary, etc. This systemprovides the child with information about words with which the child isunfamiliar or about which the child wants more information.

17.2. Literacy Acquisition

In some embodiments, the system compiles personal dictionaries. If thereader sees a word that is new, interesting, or particularly useful ortroublesome, the reader saves it (along with its definition) to acomputer file. This computer file becomes the reader's personalizeddictionary. This dictionary is generally smaller in size than a generaldictionary so can be downloaded to a mobile station or associated deviceand thus be available even when the system isn't immediately accessible.In some embodiments, the personal dictionary entries include audio filesto assist with proper word pronunciation and information identifying thepaper document from which the word was scanned.

In some embodiments, the system creates customized, spelling andvocabulary tests for students. For example, as a student reads anassignment, the student may scan unfamiliar words with the portablescanner. The system stores a list of all the words that the student hasscanned. Later, the system administers a customized spelling/vocabularytest to the student on an associated monitor (or prints such a test onan associated printer).

17.3. Music Teaching

The arrangement of notes on a musical staff is similar to thearrangement of letters in a line of text. The same scanning devicediscussed for capturing text in this system can be used to capture musicnotation, and an analogous process of constructing a search againstdatabases of known musical pieces would allow the piece from which thecapture occurred to be identified which can then be retrieved, played,or be the basis for some further action.

17.4. Detecting Plagiarism

Teachers can use the system to detect plagiarism or to verify sources byscanning text from student papers and submitting the scanned text to thesystem. For example, a teacher who wishes to verify that a quote in astudent paper came from the source that the student cited can scan aportion of the quote and compare the title of the document identified bythe system with the title of the document cited by the student.Likewise, the system can use scans of text from assignments submitted asthe student's original work to reveal if the text was instead copied.

17.5. Enhanced Textbook

In some embodiments, capturing text from an academic textbook linksstudents or staff to more detailed explanations, further exercises,student and staff discussions about the material, related example pastexam questions, further reading on the subject, recordings of thelectures on the subject, and so forth. (See also Section 7.1.)

17.6. Language Learning

In some embodiments, the system is used to teach foreign languages.Scanning a Spanish word, for example, might cause the word to be readaloud in Spanish along with its definition in English.

The system provides immediate auditory and/or visual information toenhance the new language acquisition process. The reader uses thissupplementary information to acquire quickly a deeper understanding ofthe material. The system can be used to teach beginning students to readforeign languages, to help students acquire a larger vocabulary, etc.The system provides information about foreign words with which thereader is unfamiliar or for which the reader wants more information.

Reader interaction with a paper document, such as a newspaper or book,is monitored by a language skills system. The reader has a portablescanner that communicates with the language skills system. In someembodiments, the language skills system includes a computer having adisplay and speakers, and a database accessible by the computer. Thescanner communicates with the computer (hardwired, short range RF,etc.). When the reader sees an unknown word in an article, the readerscans it with the scanner. The database includes a foreign languagedictionary, thesaurus, and/or multimedia files (sound, graphics, etc.).In one embodiment, the system compares the scanned text with theresources in its database to identify the scanned word. After the wordhas been identified, the system uses the computer speakers to pronouncethe word and its definition to the reader. In some embodiments, the wordand its definition are both displayed on the computer's monitor.Multimedia files about grammar tips related to the scanned word can alsobe played through the computer's monitor and speakers. For example, ifthe words “to speak” are scanned, the system might pronounce the word“hablar,” play a short audio clip that demonstrates the proper Spanishpronunciation, and display a complete list of the various conjugationsof “hablar”. In this way, the student learns to pronounce the writtenword, is visually taught the spelling of the word via the multimediapresentation, and learns how to conjugate the verb. The system can alsopresent grammar tips about the proper usage of “hablar” along withcommon phrases.

In some embodiments, the user scans a word or short phrase from arendered document in a language other than the user's native language(or some other language that the user knows reasonably well). In someembodiments, the system maintains a prioritized list of the user's“preferred” languages. The system identifies the electronic counterpartof the rendered document, and determines the location of the scan withinthe document. The system also identifies a second electronic counterpartof the document that has been translated into one of the user'spreferred languages, and determines the location in the translateddocument corresponding to the location of the scan in the originaldocument. When the corresponding location is not known precisely, thesystem identifies a small region (e.g., a paragraph) that includes thecorresponding location of the scanned location. The correspondingtranslated location is then presented to the user. This provides theuser with a precise translation of the particular usage at the scannedlocation, including any slang or other idiomatic usage that is oftendifficult to accurately translate on a word-by-word basis.

17.7. Gathering Research Materials

A user researching a particular topic may encounter all sorts ofmaterial, both in print and on screen, which they might wish to recordas relevant to the topic in some personal archive. The system wouldenable this process to be automatic as a result of scanning a shortphrase in any piece of material, and could also create a bibliographysuitable for insertion into a publication on the subject.

18. Commercial Applications

Obviously, commercial activities could be made out of almost any processdiscussed in this document, but here we concentrate on a few obviousrevenue streams.

18.1. Fee-Based Searching and Indexing

Conventional Internet search engines typically provide free search ofelectronic documents, and also make no charge to the content providersfor including their content in the index. In some embodiments, thesystem provides for charges to users and/or payments to search enginesand/or content providers in connection with the operation and use of thesystem.

In some embodiments, subscribers to the system's services pay a fee forsearches originating from scans of paper documents. For example, astockbroker may be reading a Wall Street Journal article about a newproduct offered by Company X. By scanning the Company X name from thepaper document and agreeing to pay the necessary fees, the stockbrokeruses the system to search special or proprietary databases to obtainpremium information about the company, such as analysts reports. Thesystem can also make arrangements to have priority indexing of thedocuments most likely to be read in paper form, for example by makingsure all of the newspapers published on a particular day are indexed andavailable by the time they hit the streets.

Content providers may pay a fee to be associated with certain terms insearch queries submitted from paper documents. For example, in oneembodiment, the system chooses a most preferred content provider basedon additional context about the provider (the context being, in thiscase, that the content provider has paid a fee to be moved up theresults list). In essence, the search provider is adjusting paperdocument search results based on pre-existing financial arrangementswith a content provider. See also the description of keywords and keyphrases in Section 5.2.

Where access to particular content is to be restricted to certain groupsof people (such as clients or employees), such content may be protectedby a firewall and thus not generally indexable by third parties. Thecontent provider may nonetheless wish to provide an index to theprotected content. In such a case, the content provider can pay aservice provider to provide the content provider's index to systemsubscribers. For example, a law firm may index all of a client'sdocuments. The documents are stored behind the law firm's firewall.However, the law firm wants its employees and the client to have accessto the documents through the portable scanner so it provides the index(or a pointer to the index) to the service provider, which in turnsearches the law firm's index when employees or clients of the law firmsubmit paper-scanned search terms via their portable scanners. The lawfirm can provide a list of employees and/or clients to the serviceprovider's system to enable this function or the system can verifyaccess rights by querying the law firm prior to searching the law firm'sindex. Note that in the preceding example, the index provided by the lawfirm is only of that client's documents, not an index of all documentsat the law firm. Thus, the service provider can only grant the lawfirm's clients access to the documents that the law firm indexed for theclient.

There are at least two separate revenue streams that can result fromsearches originating from paper documents: one-revenue stream from thesearch function, and another from the content delivery function. Thesearch function revenue can be generated from paid subscriptions fromthe scanner users, but can also be generated on a per-search charge. Thecontent delivery revenue can be shared with the content provider orcopyright holder (the service provider can take a percentage of the saleor a fixed fee, such as a micropayment, for each delivery), but also canbe generated by a “referral” model in which the system gets a fee orpercentage for every item that the subscriber orders from the onlinecatalog and that the system has delivered or contributed to, regardlessof whether the service provider intermediates the transaction. In someembodiments, the system service provider receives revenue for allpurchases that the subscriber made from the content provider, either forsome-predetermined period of time or at any subsequent time when apurchase of an identified product is made.

18.2. Catalogs

Consumers may use the portable scanner to make purchases from papercatalogs. The subscriber scans information from the catalog thatidentifies the catalog. This information is text from the catalog, a barcode, or another identifier of the catalog. The subscriber scansinformation identifying the products that s/he wishes to purchase. Thecatalog mailing label may contain a customer identification number thatidentifies the customer to the catalog vendor. If so, the subscriber canalso scan this customer identification number. The system acts as anintermediary between the subscriber and the vendor to facilitate thecatalog purchase by providing the customer's selection and customeridentification number to the vendor.

18.3. Coupons

A consumer scans paper coupons and Saves an electronic copy of thecoupon in the scanner, or in a remote device such as a computer, forlater retrieval and use. An advantage of electronic storage is that theconsumer is freed from the burden of carrying paper coupons. A furtheradvantage is that the electronic coupons may be retrieved from anylocation. In some embodiments, the system can track coupon expirationdates, alert the consumer about coupons that will expire soon, and/ordelete expired coupons from storage. An advantage for the issuer of thecoupons is the possibility of receiving more feedback about who is usingthe coupons and when and where they are captured and used.

19. General Applications

19.1. Forms

The system may be used to auto-populate an electronic document thatcorresponds to a paper form. A user scans in some text or a barcode thatuniquely identifies the paper form. The scanner communicates theidentity of the form and information identifying the user to a nearbycomputer. The nearby computer has an Internet connection. The nearbycomputer can access a first database of forms and a second databasehaving information about the user of the scanner (such as a serviceprovider's subscriber information database). The nearby computeraccesses an electronic version of the paper form from the first databaseand auto-populates the fields of the form from the user's informationobtained from the second database. The nearby computer then emails thecompleted form to the intended recipient. Alternatively, the computercould print the completed form on a nearby printer.

Rather than access an external database, in some embodiments, the systemhas a portable scanner that contains the user's information, such as inan identity module, SIM, or security card. The scanner providesinformation identifying the form to the nearby PC. The nearby PCaccesses the electronic form and queries the scanner for any necessaryinformation to fill out the form.

19.2. Business Cards.

The system can be used to automatically populate electronic addressbooks or other contact lists from paper documents. For example, uponreceiving a new acquaintance's business card, a user can capture animage of the card with his/her cellular phone. The system will locate anelectronic copy of the card, which can be used to update the cellularphone's onboard address book with the new acquaintance's contactinformation. The electronic copy may contain more information about thenew acquaintance than can be squeezed onto a business card. Further, theonboard address book may also store a link to the electronic copy suchthat any changes to the electronic copy will be automatically updated inthe cell phone's address book. In this example, the business cardoptionally includes a symbol or text that indicates the existence of anelectronic copy. If no electronic copy exists, the cellular phone canuse OCR and knowledge of standard business card formats to fill out anentry in the address book for the new acquaintance. Symbols may also aidin the process of extracting information directly from the image. Forexample, a phone icon next to the phone number on the business card canbe recognized to determine the location of the phone number.

19.3. Proofreading/Editing

The system can enhance the proofreading and editing process. One way thesystem can enhance the editing process is by linking the editor'sinteractions with a paper document to its electronic counterpart. As aneditor reads a paper document and scans various parts of the document,the system will make the appropriate annotations or edits to anelectronic counterpart of the paper document. For example, if the editorscans a portion of text and makes the “new paragraph” control gesturewith the scanner, a computer in communication with the scanner wouldinsert a “new paragraph” break at the location of the scanned text inthe electronic copy of the document.

19.4. Voice Annotation

A user can make voice annotations to a document by scanning a portion oftext from the document and then making a voice recording that isassociated with the scanned text. In some embodiments, the scanner has amicrophone to record the user's verbal annotations. After the verbalannotations are recorded, the system identifies the document from whichthe text was scanned, locates the scanned text within the document, andattaches the voice annotation at that point. In some embodiments, thesystem converts the speech to text and attaches the annotation as atextual comment.

In some embodiments, the system keeps annotations separate from thedocument, with only a reference to the annotation kept with thedocument. The annotations then become an annotation markup layer to thedocument for a-specific subscriber or group of users.

In some embodiments, for each capture and associated annotation, thesystem identifies the document, opens it using a software package,scrolls to the location of the scan and plays the voice annotation. Theuser can then interact with a document while referring to voiceannotations, suggested changes or other comments recorded either bythemselves or by somebody else.

19.5. Help in Text

The described system can be used to enhance paper documents withelectronic help menus. In some embodiments, a markup layer associatedwith a paper document contains help menu information for the document.For example, when a user scans text from a certain portion of thedocument, the system checks the markup associated with the document andpresents a help menu to the user. The help menu is presented on adisplay on the scanner or on an associated nearby display.

19.6. Use with Displays

In some situations, it is advantageous to be able to scan informationfrom a television, computer monitor, or other similar display. In someembodiments, the portable scanner is used to scan information fromcomputer monitors and televisions. In some embodiments, the portableoptical scanner has an illumination sensor that is optimized to workwith traditional cathode ray tube (CRT) display techniques such asrasterizing, screen blanking, etc.

A voice capture device which operates by capturing audio of the userreading text from a document will typically work regardless of whetherthat document is on paper, on a display, or on some other medium.

19.6.1. Public Kiosks and Dynamic Session IDs

One use of the direct scanning of displays is the association of devicesas described in Section 15.6. For example, in some embodiments, a publickiosk displays a dynamic session ID on its monitor. The kiosk isconnected to a communication network such as the Internet or a corporateintranet. The session ID changes periodically but at least every timethat the kiosk is used so that a new session ID is displayed to everyuser. To use the kiosk, the subscriber scans in the session ID displayedon the kiosk; by scanning the session ID, the user tells the system thathe wishes to temporarily associate the kiosk with his scanner for thedelivery of content resulting from scans of printed documents or fromthe kiosk screen itself. The scanner may communicate the Session ID andother information authenticating the scanner (such as a serial number,account number, or other identifying information) directly to thesystem. For example, the scanner can communicate directly (where“directly” means without passing the message through the kiosk) with thesystem by sending the session initiation message through the user's cellphone (which is paired with the user's scanner via Bluetooth™).Alternatively, the scanner can establish a wireless link with the kioskand use the kiosk's communication link by transferring the sessioninitiation information to the kiosk (perhaps via short range RF such asBluetooth™, etc.); in response, the kiosk sends the session initiationinformation to the system via its Internet connection.

The system can prevent others from using a device that is alreadyassociated with a scanner during the period (or session) in which thedevice is associated with the scanner. This feature is useful to preventothers from using a public kiosk before another person's session hasended. As an example of this concept related to use of a computer at anInternet café, the user scans a barcode on a monitor of a PC which s/hedesires to use; in response, the system sends a session ID to themonitor that it displays; the user initiates the session by scanning thesession ID from the monitor (or entering it via a keypad or touch screenor microphone on the portable scanner); and the system associates in itsdatabases the session ID with the serial number (or other identifierthat uniquely identifies the user's scanner) of his/her scanner soanother scanner cannot scan the session ID and use the monitor duringhis/her session. The scanner is in communication (through wireless linksuch as Bluetooth™, a hardwired link such as a docking station, etc.)with a PC associated with the monitor or is in direct (i.e., w/o goingthrough the PC) communication with the system via another means such asa cellular phone, etc.

Part IV—System and Portable Device Details

FIG. 4 is a perspective diagram showing a typical use of a portablescanning device. In the example shown, a user scans text from anewspaper 410 via a portable device 500 having scanning capability. Theuser has scanned a portion of a line of text 420 with the portablescanner 500. The image of the portion of the line of text 420 may bestored by the scanner 500, transmitted to another device for remotestorage, compressed, or processed in various ways. In some embodiments,the portable scanner 500 indicates when enough information has beenscanned to uniquely identify the newspaper article.

In the example shown in FIG. 4, the portable device 500 is a scanner ina pen form-factor. However, any portable device having image-capturingcapability, such as a digital camera, may be a suitable equivalent tothe portable device 400 shown in FIG. 4.

FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram of an embodiment of a typicalportable scanning device 500. The portable scanning device 500 has alight source 505 that illuminates the object, such as a graphic or text,to be scanned. The light reflected from the scanned object passesthrough lens 510 and its properties (color, intensity, etc.) areregistered by a suitable device such as Charge-Coupled Device (CCD)Array 515. The analog data stored in CCD Array 515 is convened todigital form by Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converter 520.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, DSP 575 is powered by power supply540 and operably connected with system clock 570, A/D converter 520,image compression logic 525, memory 530, billing/subscription/deviceidentifier memory 580, power management logic 535, location module 545,communication interface 550 and user interface 560. After the image datahas been digitized by A/D Converter 520, Digital Signal Processor (DSP)575 may perform various operations on the image data according toprograms stored in memory 530.

Digital Signal Processor 575 may store the digital image data in memory530. To save space in memory 530, DSP 575 may implement an imagecompression scheme by accessing image compression logic 525 to compressthe digital image data prior to storage. Many sorts of image compressionschemes could be used, such as the well-known Joint Photographic ExpertsGroup (JPEG) or Joint Bi-level experts Group (JBIG) compression schemes.In some cases, DSP 575 may alternatively use optical characterrecognition (OCR) to convert the scanned image data into text prior tostorage in memory 530.

Power management logic 535 monitors the status of power supply 540 andthe rate of power consumption by the various components of portablescanning device 500. If power supply 540 is an internal power supply,such as a battery, power management logic 535 may cause certaincomponents to hibernate or otherwise go into low-power mode to extendbattery life. Additionally, power management logic 535 may cause userinterface 560 to communicate a “low battery” warning such asilluminating a red Light-Emitting Diode (LED), sounding an audiblealarm, or displaying a “low battery” icon on a Liquid Crystal Display(LCD).

Memory 530 may contain program instructions for DSP 575. It may also beused to store text and/or image data in compressed or uncompressedformat. Additionally, timestamps and location-stamps associated with theimage data may be stored in memory 530.

Clock 570 provides clock signals to synchronize the operation of thevarious components of portable scanner 500. Clock 570 may also provide atime reference for time-stamping image data. For example, when a userscans a portion of text, DSP 575 may perform OCR on the scan data andstore the resulting text in memory 530 along with a timestamp obtainedfrom clock 570. Alternatively, the timestamp may be obtained from thelocation module 545, particularly if a Global Positioning System (GPS)receiver is included in the location module 545.

Location module 545 provides location determination functions toportable device 500. Location module 545 may include a GlobalPositioning System (GPS) receiver that provides location and timeinformation by monitoring signals broadcast by the GPS network, whichconsists of satellite and ground-based transmitters. This locationinformation may be used to provide a location-stamp that indicates wherea particular scan occurred. For example, when a user scans a portion oftext, DSP 575 may perform OCR on the scan data and store the resultingtext in memory 530 along with a location-stamp obtained from locationmodule 545. The location-stamp could be at varying levels of specificitysuch as country, state, region, city, serving network access point,location within 100 meters, exact location, etc.

Communications Interface 550 includes transceivers that allow portabledevice 500 to communicate with other devices. Communications Interface550 may be a wireless interface, such as short-range RF (Bluetooth, IEEE802.11, etc.), cellular, or optical (infrared, etc.). WhereCommunications. Interface 550 includes wireless capability, the portablescanning device also includes the necessary antennas or lenses forimplementing the wireless capability.

Communications Interface 550 may also include a wired interface such asUniversal Serial Bus (USB) and similar schemes. In the case whereCommunications Interface 550 is a wired interface such as USB,Communication Interface 550 could provide power to recharge internalpower supply 540 or operate portable scanning device 500.

User Interface 560 can include audio capability such as speakers andmicrophones, visual capability such as LCD displays or LEDs, and/orhaptic (tactile) capability such as buzzers and transducers.

FIG. 6 is a data structure diagram that shows a format for a data record600 typically used by the system. Data record 600 includes scanned data630. The scanned data 630 could be text, an image, symbols or anysuitable data type. Data record 600 also includes a timestamp 610associated with scanned data 630. In some embodiments, the timestamp 610indicates the time that scanned data 630 was acquired by device 500.Data record 600 includes a location-stamp 620 associated with scanneddata 630. In some embodiments, the location-stamp 620 indicates thelocation at which scanned data 630 was acquired. In some embodiments,timestamp 610 and location-stamp 620 to index scanned data 630 by timeand location, respectively, thereby enabling searches for stored data bytime and/or location of scan.

FIG. 7 shows a flow diagram showing steps typically performed by thesystem to detect and store information about the location and/or timethat a document was scanned using portable device 500. At step 710,portable device 500 acquires data 630 such as a scanned image or text.Portable device 500 may have predetermined instructions about whether toinclude timestamps 610 or location-stamps 620 in data record 600. Atstep 715, portable device 500 determines whether a timestamp 610 isdesired in data record 600. If the timestamp is desired in data record600, then at step 720 portable device 500 obtains the timestampinformation 610 from the clock 570 (or possibly from location module 545if GPS enabled) and proceeds to step 725. If a timestamp is not desiredat step 715, then portable device 500 proceeds to step 725. At step 725,portable device 500 determines whether a location-stamp 620 is desiredin data record 600. If a location-stamp is desired in data record 600,then portable device 500 obtains the location-stamp information 620 fromlocation module 255 and proceeds to step 735. If a location-stamp is notdesired at step 725, then portable device 500 proceeds to step 735. Atstep 735, portable device 500 stores data 630 in memory 530, along withany associated timestamp 610 or location-stamp 620.

Indicating to a User that Sufficient Information has been Scanned toIdentify a Document

In some embodiments, the portable scanner 500 may indicate to a userthat enough information has been scanned to identify a document. Forexample, portable scanner 500 may have predetermined thresholds thatindicate a particular scan uniquely identifies a document. When thethreshold is met or exceeded, the portable scanner 500 indicates to theuser via user interface 560 that enough information has been scanned toidentify the document. These predetermined thresholds may be determinedbased on heuristics (ie., rules of thumb), statistical analysis, orother suitable methods.

One heuristic used by the system to determine the threshold, in someembodiments, is based on observations of the unique character of writtenexpression. Most documents can be uniquely identified within a verylarge corpus—for example, one containing one million documents—with ascan of between four and ten words (in the English language, roughly20-50 characters or symbols). This heuristic holds across all languageson which it has been tested. In the event that a scan in the range of4-10 words results in duplicate documents, the user can be prompted toscan additional words to further narrow the results.

Portable device 500 may indicate to the user that sufficient informationhas been scanned via the visual, audio, or tactile capability of userinterface 560. Upon determining that the scanned information has met orexceeded the predetermined threshold, DSP 575 instructs user interface560 to communicate to the user that enough information has been scannedto identify the document from which the information was scanned.

Timestamps and location-stamps may also be used to identify documents.For example, an Associated Press article may appear in many newspapersbut the correct newspaper could be determined by the location-stamp. Ifthe location-stamp indicates that the scan was performed in Seattle, itis most likely that a Seattle newspaper is the source of the scanned AParticle. Similarly, in some embodiments, the system uses timestamps tonarrow the scope of candidate documents to those that were publishedprior to the timestamp.

Indicating to a User that Sufficient Information has been Scanned toIdentify Location within a Document or Group of Documents

In some embodiments, the portable scanner 500 indicates to a user thatenough information has been scanned to identify location within adocument or group of documents. For example, portable scanner 500 mayhave thresholds that indicate a particular scan uniquely identifies alocation within a document or group of documents. When the threshold ismet or exceeded, the portable scanner 500 would indicate to the user viauser interface 560 that enough information has been scanned to identifylocation within a document or group of documents. These thresholds maybe determined based on heuristics (i.e., rules of thumb), statisticalanalysis, information about a specific document or group of documents(for example, an index), or other suitable methods.

One approach to determining position used by the facility includesconsulting an index representing the document or group of documents,and, if the capture is not unique within the index, using additionalcontext information (for example, location of last capture, time elapsedsince last capture, etc.) to qualify and refine the system's inferenceabout the location of the current capture.

In some embodiments, the system's determination of location isprobabilistic. Where a specific capture matches several locations in adocument or group of documents, the system may attribute a higherprobability to a location close to the user's most recent capture. Athreshold may be associated with the indication that the capturelocation is known. This threshold may include the probability associatedwith potential matching locations. For example, in some embodiments, ifone location has at least an 80% probability of being the user'slocation, the system selects that location.

Portable device 500 may indicate to the user that location is known viathe visual, audio, or tactile capability of user interface 560. Upondetermining that the scanned information has met or exceeded thepredetermined threshold, DSP 575 instructs user interface 560 tocommunicate to the user that enough information has been scanned toidentify the location from which the information was scanned.

Controlling Scanner Actions Via Scanned Image and/or Gestures

In some embodiments, portable scanner 500 is controlled by user inputvia the user interface 560. For example, where user interface 560includes a display on which menus may be shown to the user, the user canselect menu choices to control the actions of portable scanner 500.

In some embodiments, portable device 500 is controlled by gesturesperformed by the user. For example, scanning text in a forward directionmay indicate that the user wishes to store the text in memory. Scanningthe same text in the reverse direction may indicate that the user wishesto erase the text from memory. Rubbing back and forth over text in adocument may indicate that the user wants to highlight that text in anelectronic copy of the document. The system enables many gestures to beused to control the actions of the portable device 500 such as circularmotions, shaking motions, etc. Possible actions include starting thescan process, signaling that the user is done scanning from a particulararticle or document (and therefore subsequent scanned data will be froma new article or document), etc.

In some embodiments, portable scanner 500 includes an accelerationsensor (not shown in FIG. 5 for clarity), such as an accelerometer, tosense changes in speed or direction, thereby determining controlgestures.

Portable scanner 500 may also be programmed to respond to controlcommands input to the DSP 575 via the image capture mechanism. (In theembodiment shown in FIG. 5, the image capture mechanism includes lightsource 505, lens 510, CCD array 515, and A/D converter 520.) Thesecommands may be special symbols recognized by the scanner, biometricinformation (such as fingerprints), or patterns of scanning regular text(such as scanning the text in reverse to control data storage asdiscussed above). For example, a document such as a catalog may includea menu of command symbols that have special significance to the portabledevice 500. To execute a control program, the user scans one of thespecial symbols. In response the DSP 575 accesses and executes a controlprogram associated with the special control signal. In the catalogexample, one of the special symbols may initiate a purchasing programthat can be used to order products from the catalog via the scanner. Theuser scans information about the products to be ordered and the portablescanner would communicate those products and other information necessaryto complete the sale (such as billing and shipping information) to thecatalog vendor via a connection between the Internet and thecommunication interface 550.

Scanner with Billing/Subscription/Device Identifiers

Portable device 500 may include memory 580 for storing informationrelated to billing, subscription, and/or device identifiers. This memory580 may be removable, such as in a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) orsmart card, or non-removable, such as a Programmable Read Only Memory(PROM). Where electronic copies of documents are being located basedupon the scanned data, subscription information can be used to verifywhether the user should be allowed access to the electronic copy. Forexample, a newspaper may charge an additional fee for access to itsonline version. The user's subscription information could includeaccount numbers that indicate whether the user subscribes to the onlineversion.

Similarly, billing information can be used to make purchases with theportable scanner 500. In some embodiments, the memory 580 containscredit card or other financial information of the user. For example,when the user scans text from a document and indicates (such as via theuser interface 560 or the gestural controls disclosed above) that hewishes to purchase access to an electronic copy of the document, thebilling information can be used to provide payment to the copyrightholder or content provider.

Portable device 500 may store device identifiers such as serial numbersin memory 580. These device identifiers serve to uniquely identify theportable device 500 and are typically stored in PROM so that they cannotbe erased. Additional security for transactions can be obtained byassociating a portable device with only one user by correlating thedevice serial number to a user's account or subscription in a networkdatabase. In some embodiments, additional security is accomplished bystoring the device identifier in the smart card (or storing a smart cardidentifier in the portable scanner 500) to lock the scanner to the smartcard. In these embodiments, DSP 575 verifies that the correct smart cardwas inserted before the portable scanner 500 function.

Equivalent Location Technologies

Although the location module 545 has been primarily discussed withreference to an on-board GPS receiver, many other location technologiescan be used. These technologies include Enhanced Observed TimeDifference (EOTD), Assisted GPS (A-GPS), Differential GPS (DGPS), TimeDifference of Arrival (TDOA), Angle of Arrival, triangulation andmonitoring of local transceiver pilot signals. EOTD, TDOA and Angle ofArrival are most suitable when the portable device transmits a signal tonetworked base stations such that logic in the network may correlatedata about the signals received at each base station to estimate theposition of the portable device. Triangulation may be either internal orexternal. The portable device performs internal triangulation when itreceives signals from at least three external transmitters (such asIEEE. 802.11 base stations) and calculates an approximate location basedupon characteristics of the received signals. External triangulationoccurs when networked receivers external to the portable device are usedto estimate the location of the portable device based uponcharacteristics of a signal received from the portable device. In someembodiments, the system uses received signal strength at more than oneexternal receiver to estimate the distance of the portable device fromthe external receivers. Fixed transmitters often broadcast pilot signalsthat identify a particular transmitter so that mobile receivers may“lock on” to signals from a desired transmitter. Where the location ofthe fixed transmitter and the approximate coverage area are known, thelocation of the portable device can be estimated based on whichtransmitter it “hears.” For example, if a portable-device is receivingsignals from an IEEE 802.11 wireless access point, it can be assumedthat the portable device is within 300 feet (currently the approximateoutdoor range of IEEE 802. 11g transmitters) of the wireless accesspoint.

Handheld Document Data Capture Device

Portable data capture devices used with the system in variousembodiments are described at various points throughout this document.From this point onward, additional discussion is provided to elaborateon the capabilities and functions of various types of portable datacapture devices.

In some embodiments, a portable device that has data capture capabilitycan indicate to a user that the user has captured enough text or otherinformation to uniquely identify a document. The portable device maycompare the amount of information scanned to a predetermined thresholdlevel to determine whether enough information has been scanned (thisthreshold method is particularly useful when the scanner is not incommunication with a computer). When the portable device is incommunication with a remote computer, the remote computer may send amessage to the device indicating that it has identified the documentfrom which the text was scanned. The portable device may have an imagecapture device for acquiring images, a processor for processing theimages, memory for storing data and/or logic (software programs), aninput/output communications interface for communicating with otherdevices, a power supply, an illumination source for illuminating theinformation being scanned, and a location module.

In some embodiments, the text or symbols captured by a portable datacapture device may be used and interpreted as control commands by thedevice's control logic or control software to cause the scanner toexecute software programs or otherwise perform certain predeterminedactions (such as erase data from memory, turn on/off, initiate and/orcomplete a financial transaction, etc.).

In some embodiments, after capturing data from a paper document, aportable data capture device indicates to a user that one or moreelectronic counterpart of the paper document have been recognized orlocated. When the portable device is in communication with a remotecomputer, the remote computer may send a message to the portable deviceindicating that it has located an electronic counterpart of the documentfrom which the text was scanned. In response to receiving the message,the portable scanner indicates to the user that the electroniccounterpart has been located and the user may stop scanning. Among manypossibilities, the indicator could be visual (e.g., a Light EmittingDevice (LED), display, etc.), auditory (e.g., speaker, beeper, etc.) orhaptic (stimulating the sense of touch).

In some embodiments, a portable data capture device has location and/ortime determination capability and may store location and/or timeinformation about where and/or when a data capture occurred along withthe captured data. The time information may be a timestamp associatedwith a particular data capture event. The location-information may be alocation-stamp associated with a particular data capture event.

In some embodiments, operation of a portable data capture device such asa portable scanner is controlled by characteristics of the scan, such asspeed, repetition, direction, etc. Additionally, control programs orlogic in the scanner may be responsive to special symbols, such astrademark symbols. These special symbols may be associated withparticular actions to be performed, or programs to be executed, by theportable device.

In some embodiments, a portable data capture device such as a scannerhas billing/subscription/device identifier information stored in memory.Subscription information can be used to verify the user's right toaccess an electronic copy of the identified document, such as a pre-paidaccount for example. Billing information may be used to pay for accessto an electronic copy of the identified document Device identifiers maybe used as a security feature to assist in verifying a user's identity.

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device is combined withan ink pen and/or physical highlighter. This combination allows the userto make annotations or highlights on a paper document and an electronicdocument at the same time. Additionally, some embodiments incorporate aprinting mechanism such as an inkjet printer, etc., to add digitalsignatures to paper documents.

Input/Output

The portable data capture device includes various means for inputtingand outputting information and instructions. The user, the communicationservice provider, remote network devices, and captured information aresome of the potential sources of information and instructions (such asoperating instructions).

User Interface

In some embodiments, the User-interface (UI) is the primary means of theuser's interaction with the portable data capture device. Informationand control commands are entered into the portable data capture devicethrough the user-interface. The user interacts with the portable datacapture device through the user-interface. The user submits controlcommands and information to the portable data capture device via the UI.In a similar manner the user receives information from the portable datacapture device via the UI. For example, the user may enter text througha keypad on the device and receive a visual confirmation of the keypadentries on the device's display.

Input

The UI means for inputting data can be described in four broadcategories: auditory, tactile, gestural, and optical. In variousembodiments, the portable data capture device has various combinationsof UI means from some or all of these categories.

Auditory

The auditory UI consists of means of inputting sound signals, such asspeech, into the portable data capture device. Conversion of the soundsignals into electrical energy requires an audio-electric transducersuch as a microphone. The portable device can perform many actions onthe sound signals, including storing as digitized waveforms,transmitting, or converting to text and storing as digitized text.

Microphone

In some embodiments, the portable device includes a microphone forcapturing speech. This feature is useful for entering voice annotationsto documents, recording messages and speaking with other users (if, forexample, the data capture device has mobile phone capability).

Haptic (Tactile)

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device accepts mechanicalor haptic (tactile) inputs. In some embodiments, the portable datacapture device includes a switch that the user can press start the datacapture process. In embodiments with a tip switch, the user presses thedevice against the paper to start the scanning process. In otherembodiments, the portable data capture device employs a sensor to detectproximity to a scanning target.

Jog (Thumb) Wheel

A jog wheel, similar to the wheel on some computer mice, is useful forinteracting with computer applications or menus. For example, in someembodiments, the system presents a scanner user with a menu of choiceson a nearby display. Rather than lift the portable scanner from thedocument and scan one of the menu items, the user can move the thumbwheel to scroll down the menu choices.

Keypad

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device has a keypadand/or buttons for entering data into the device. In some embodiments,the capture device has a cancel button to undo or erase choices and aconfirm button to confirm choices (e.g., confirming a purchase). In someembodiments, the capture device has a button to indicate a contextswitch or desire to set context. For example, after scanning text from afirst document, the user can indicate by pressing the context buttonthat he is done scanning from the first document and next will scan textfrom a second document—by pressing the context button, the user informsthe system that his scanning context is changing.

Tip Switch/Proximity Sensor

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device has a tip switchor proximity sensor. In a pen-shaped scanner, a tip switch is a switchthat is activated when the tip of the scanner is pressed against adocument. The tip switch may include pressure sensing capability so thatthe scanner can modify its behavior based on how hard the user pressesthe scanner against the paper. For example, the scanner (in combinationwith a computer and word processing software) may perform a highlightingfunction if it is pressed firmly against the paper. As another example,the scanner may switch on/off by pressing the scanner tip against thepaper and activating the tip switch.

Granule/Surface Texture Sensors

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device has two parallelgranule/surface texture sensors to detect surface variations on adocument. A typical use of this sort of input sensor is to captureBraille text. Parallel surface texture sensors can determine the angleof the sensors from relative rates/distance traveled by the parallelsensors. A non-contact optical sensor is a common type at surfacetexture sensor that is well suited for use with embodiments of theportable data capture device.

Gestural (Motion Based)

The user can input data and commands into the portable data capturedevice by gesturing with it. The device can detect gestures by observingthe data passing under the scanning head, by monitoring changes inmotion sensors, or by mechanical motion-sensing means.

Observation of Optical Data

By observing the surface or data passing under the optical element, theportable data capture device can calculate relative motion in much thesame way that an optical computer mouse does. By analyzing the relativemotion of the device, the device can determine which gestures the usermade with the device. In some embodiments, the optical system can alsodetect relative motion by observing patterns on the surface of therendered document. In some embodiments, the portable data capture devicecan detect absolute position by checking absolute position codes on thesurface of the rendered document.

Gyro/Accelerometer Motion Sensors

In some embodiments, the portable capture device includes anacceleration sensor, such as an accelerometer, to sense changes in speedor direction, thereby determining control gestures. In some embodiments,the portable capture device uses a gyroscope to detect motion andgestures. A single chip ring-laser gyroscope is particularly well suitedfor this task.

Mechanical (Ball Point, Roller, Etc.)

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device includes a rollingelement or ball similar to the ballpoint of an ink pen that is opticallyencoded. As the ball is moved along the paper surface, an optical sensordetects the motion of the optically encoded element.

In some embodiments, the portable capture device measures the flow ofelectrically charged ink over a ballpoint to record relative motion. Theink flowing to the ball is given an electric charge that is detected bythese probes. Current-sensing probes embedded in the ballpoint housingdetect the ink flow over the ball. If there are a plurality of probes,the direction of flow of the ink can be inferred—hence the motion of theball—and thus the actual motion across a surface. This electricallycharged ink technology can serve as a general purpose input recordingdevice—wherein the user writes in conventional ink—while the motions arenoted and recorded. A guard ring at or near the boundary where the ballemerges from its housing may be used to discharge the charged ink sothat only the charged ink flowing out of the receiver is seen by thesensors.

Optical

The user can enter data and commands into the portable data capturedevice by way of the optical sensing system.

Scanner/Imaging System

By scanning in keywords or symbols, the user can enter commands and datainto the device. The portable device may be programmed to recognizecertain graphical symbols as commands. For example, when the user scansa “$” symbol, the portable device recognizes it as a command to initiatea financial transaction, such as a purchase.

Output

The UI of the portable data capture device is also capable of presentinginformation to the user. This information usually concerns the operationstatus of the device. The UI output means for presenting information tothe user can be sorted into three broad categories: auditory, tactile,and optical. Embodiments of the portable data capture device will havevarious combinations of UI output means from some or all of thesecategories.

In some embodiments, a portable capture device can transmit scan resultsto a host computer and communicate operational states or modes to a userby way of a display. The display can be onboard the portable capturedevice or can be associated with the host computer. In some embodiments,the portable device uses a wired or wireless communications medium. Insome embodiments, a user can use a monitor associated with the hostcomputer to view information. Examples of suitable wired connectionsinclude: RS-232; PS/2; serial; USB; ethernet; token ring; printerconnections (e.g., IEEE 1284); firewire; RJ45 (telephone line); homeplugand fiber optics. Examples of suitable wireless connections include:wireless ethernet (e.g., IEEE 802.11a,b,g); Bluetooth™; infra-red (IrDA,such as in a television remote control); and Ultra wideband. Theportable device can use auditory (e.g., a piezoelectric speaker), haptic(including a cell phone's vibrate), or visual alerts to communicate withthe user.

In various embodiments, the UI can indicate that an error has occurredand the user ought to rescan; that a communication link to anotherdevice is open and active; that the portable device is turned on; that agesture has been detected; or which mode the scanner is currently in.For example, in some embodiments, a scanner simply vibrates if a scanneeds to be repeated.

Auditory

In many embodiments, the portable data capture device has the ability toprovide audible alerts to the user. These audible alerts require anelectro-acoustic transducer such as a speaker to convert electricalsignals into sound.

Speaker

In some embodiments, the portable capture device has a speaker orpiezo-electric element to generate sound. These speakers can be used toread text to the user or alert the user to a change in the device'sstatus. For example, in some embodiments, the device emits a beep duringscanning to alert the user that the paper document has been identifiedand an electronic counterpart of the paper document has been located. Asanother example, as text is scanned from a paper document, the capturedevice applies a text-to-speech process to the scanned text and playsthe resulting audio.

Tactile

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device communicates withthe user by vibration. The tactile UI is especially useful inenvironments where audible alerts cannot be heard due to ambient noiselevels or places where audible alerts are socially unacceptable (e.g.,in a movie theatre).

Vibrate

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device has a vibratingelement to alert the user of a change in the device's status. In somemobile phone embodiments, this vibrating element is included in thephone's battery pack. In some embodiments, the portable device vibratesif the scanning head moves off line, similar to the “rumble strips” thatalert drivers that they are drifting outside their lane.

Optical

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device communicates withthe user via the UI by visual means. In some embodiments, the deviceprojects menus or other information onto the paper being scanned. Forexample, when a capture device is working with a word processing programon a computer, the device may project a yellow light onto the paper toindicate that the system will highlight the scanned text in yellow inthe open document in the word processing program.

Display

The portable data capture device can include a display. In some cases, anearby display can be associated with the portable data capture devicesuch that information for the portable device is routed to, and shownon, the display. Using nearby displays such as computer monitors isparticularly helpful when the portable device does not have a display orthe information is not suitable for presenting on the portable device'ssmall display.

LEDs

Light Emitting Diodes (LED) can also be used to communicate visuallywith the user. For example, in some embodiments, the device activates agreen LED to indicate that the capture device has been turned on and isready to capture data.

Communication with Other Devices

The portable data capture device's communications interface includestransceivers that allow the portable data capture device to communicatewith other devices. The portable data capture device can communicatewith other compatible electronic devices such as computers, mobilephones, and wireless transceivers.

Wired

In some embodiments, the portable capture device uses a wired connectionto communicate with other electronic devices. Any suitable protocol canbe used to communicate when tethered to a computer. In some embodiments,the portable capture device uses the Universal Serial Bus (USB) protocolto communicate with a host computer via a tethered connection.

USB

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a protocol used by the portable datacapture device in some embodiments. In some embodiments, in addition toproviding a communication channel between a computer and the portablecapture device, USB provides power to recharge the portable device'sbatteries. In some embodiments, the USB interface allows the user toattach a USB memory device to the portable capture device.

Fiber Optic

Fiber optic communication channels can also be used by some embodimentsof the portable data capture device. Suitable fiber types for differentembodiments are single mode and multimode. One advantage of a multimodefiber is that it permits the use of inexpensive LED light sources.Connector coupling and alignment is also less critical with multimodefibers.

Wireless

In some embodiments, the portable device's communications interface is awireless interface. Suitable wireless technologies are short-range RF(Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11, etc.), cellular, or optical (infrared, etc.).In cases where the communications interface includes wirelesscapability, it typically also includes the necessary antennas or lensesfor implementing the wireless capability.

WLAN, Cellular, BT, Etc

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device implementsWireless Local Area Network (WLAN) capability by means of an IEEE 802.11standardized transceiver. The portable device typically uses WLAN“hotspots” to communicate with remote computers. In some embodiments,the portable data capture device uses the Bluetooth (BT) short rangeradio-frequency (RF) method to communicate and pair with nearby devicessuch as mobile phones or personal computers. Mobile phones thatimplement portable data capture functionality can also use the cellularcommunication network to transmit captured data to remote computers.

Data Capture Subsystem

The portable data capture device has a data capture subsystem. This datacapture subsystem generally has the capability of capturing voice,optical, and/or magnetic strip data. The captured data is stored inmemory for subsequent processing and transmission. In some embodiments,the captured information can be compressed and/or automatically deletedto save memory space and communications channel bandwidth. One exampleof automatic deletion is deleting scanned images once they have beenconverted to text by the OCR process. Storing images that do not containall of the captured information can conserve memory. Examples includecompression formats such as GIF or JPG. Another approach is not storingunnecessary color information. For example, a typical CCD image sensormay be able to capture 24 levels of color information (i.e., distinguishmore than 16 million different colors) for each pixel. For purposes ofstandard OCR, the portable capture device only needs to be able todistinguish between white, probably white, probably black and black (2bits). This reduction, from 24 to 2 bits, results in storage spacesavings of roughly 92%.

Voice

While the portable data capture device has optical data capture systems,in some embodiments, a voice capture subsystem is useful in manycircumstances. A voice capture subsystem typically allows the user toread text from a rendered document. An onboard microphone captures thespoken words. Subsequently, a speech-to-text application converts thespeech to text form. The text is then used, for example, to locate anelectronic counterpart of the rendered document. In some embodiments,the data capture is a mobile phone or the scannotator that is discussedbelow.

Optical Data Capture Subsystem

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device includes anoptical data capture subsystem. The optical data capture systemtypically includes an image sensor and an optical path. The optical pathpasses through an aperture in the housing of the portable device. Insome embodiments, the optical elements comprise parts of the housing ofthe device. The optical path can include a lens or aperture for focusinglight and/or a transparent cover to protect the optical path. In someembodiments, an image conduit is part of the optical path that guideslight from the rendered document to the image sensor.

In some embodiments, a portable scanner has its image sensor behind anaperture. In some embodiments, the aperture has a transparent cover suchthat the image sensor and the device's internal optical path areprotected from dirt and damage. In some embodiments, the cover isplastic or glass. Where the portable scanner has a lens, the lens cantypically focus such that the distance from the aperture to a piece ofpaper is variably dependent upon the distance from the aperture to theimage sensor. This relation can be formed with 1/f=1/u+1/v, (f is thefocal length of the lens, u is from the aperture to a document and v isfrom a sensor to the aperture). In some embodiments, the portablescanner uses more than one focusing lens.

In some embodiments, the optical system can capture data as the usermoves the portable capture device towards the rendered document.Capturing the data as the portable device approaches the rendereddocument may provide the portable device a wide field of view, andtherefore provide additional information about the visual context of thecapture. In a portable scanner with this type of optical system, thescanner captures data from the document even before the scanner comesinto contact with the surface of the document. In some cases, capturingdata as the scanner approaches the document enables the user to interactwith the paper by touching or tapping at a location rather than rubbingalong a line of text. The user experience is that he is pointing to(“touching”) text rather than scanning along a line of text.

Optical Capture Subsystem Configurations

The optical capture subsystem can be implemented in variousconfigurations, each having certain advantages for particularapplications.

One-Dimensional Sensor Array.

The light-sensing element is a one-dimensional linear sensor array insome embodiments. A one-dimensional array consists of one row of sensorsthat capture optical information. One-dimensional arrays are well suitedfor some biometric applications, especially for fingerprint scanning. Insome embodiments, the sensors are either Charge-Coupled Devices (CCD) orComplementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) devices. Any suitablelight-sensing device could be substituted, however.

Two-Dimensional Sensor Array

A two-dimensional sensor array is similar to a one-dimensional array,but the rows of sensor elements have two-dimensional coplanar offsetsfrom each other. Two-dimensional arrays have the advantage that theyyield information about distance, angle of scan, and skew. In someembodiments, the two-dimensional array is constructed from at least twoparallel rows or columns of sensor elements. However, many topologyvariations of two-dimensional sensor arrays are possible.

A two-dimensional array of optical sensor elements can detect motion andde-skew at same time by correlation of character artifacts (tips,ascender/descender vertical elements), timing and location.Ascender/descenders are text characters that extend farther above/belowthe midline of a row of text than the average text character. An exampleof an ascender is the letter “t.” An example of a descender is theletter “p.”

Processing logic can determine the image skew of optically captureddata. For example, head angle is determined by correlating the strongvertical elements of printed text with the optically captured data.Depending upon the font, strong vertical elements are present in thecharacters “bdhiklmnpqrtu” from an alphabet consisting of“abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.” Further, “y” is only ascender/descenderwithout vertical strokes. There is also vertical information associatedwith the left and right edge of the remaining alphabet characters thatcan be used in the de-skewing process.

Lens

In some embodiments, the optical data capture subsystem has a lens tofocus light onto the light-sensing elements. Lens systems can be a veryuseful addition to two-dimensional array light sensors.

Fiber Optic Image Conduit

In some embodiments, an image conduit forms part of the optical capturesystem. In some embodiments, the fiber optic image conduit is in contactwith the surface from which it is capturing information. In someembodiments, the fiber optic image conduit is positioned above thescanned surface, which allows more ambient light into the scan area. Inthis configuration, the limited angle of acceptance of individual fibersinsures that the image is still of good quality, even though the tip ofthe image conduit is slightly off the surface of the document. An imageconduit with a transparent plastic separator or cap on the data captureend (the end nearest the scanned surface) is one embodiment in which thefiber optic image conduit itself does not contact the scanned surface,allowing ambient light to illuminate the surface, and a better view ofthe scanned material for the user. Separation between the tip of theimage conduit and the surface being imaged is typically in the range of0.001 inches to 0.1 inches. The image conduit may be sculpted to enabledata capture even when the image conduit is not held vertical to therendered document. In some embodiments, the image conduit is sculpted tohave a wedge-shaped tip. In some embodiments, the fiber optic imageconduit is transparent or semi-transparent when viewed transverse to theoptical path so the user can see the rendered document through thebundle. Thus, the image conduit can serve as viewfinder in addition toserving as a means to transport the scanned image to the optical sensor.

In general, groups of optical fibers may be used to transport an image.These might be single rows of fibers, as in a one-dimensional array;multiple rows of fibers; or groups or bundles of fibers with no strictarrangement. A flexible brush of many fibers can also be used. In caseswhere there is no fixed arrangement of fibers, the relationship betweenthe end of an individual fiber at which it captures some of the imageand the other end where it couples to a sensor element may be determinedempirically, either at the time of manufacture or during use.

Outer Fibers Illuminate

Generally, fiber optic image conduits can capture data via ambient lightbut in some embodiments, an optional element, such as a subset of theimage conduit fibers, can carry light from a light source to thedocument's surface. These fibers essentially act as miniatureflashlights to illuminate the surface of the rendered document. Theremaining fibers capture the illuminated data and transport it back tothe image sensor. Typically, the outer fibers of an image-conduit areused to transport light to the document, especially in embodiments wherethe fiber optic image conduit has been sculpted to be easily drug acrossthe surface of a document.

CCD/CMOS Optical Sensors

In some embodiments, a portable data capture device includes an imagesensor. Solid-state optical image sensors can capture information from acomputer display and are a primary component of modem digital cameras.One example of a suitable image sensor is a CMOS (complementary metaloxide. semiconductor) image sensor. Another example is a Charge CoupledDevice (CCD) image sensor. All of these technologies typically allow acomputer chip to measure light as electrical signals across a grid ofsensors. Another example is a linear array of light sensitivephoto-transistors.

Non-Visible Spectrum

In some embodiments, the optical scanning subsystem operates in thenon-visible spectrum. With the ability to detect light in thenon-visible spectrum, the portable scanning device can capture hiddencontrol symbols printed with ink having UV or IR properties. Fordocuments that include appropriate “writable” regions, in someembodiments, the portable data capture device both reads and changes thestate of this region (e.g., chemically, thermally, or optically), thusleaving behind information. In some embodiments, the portable datacapture device uses special ink, visible to the scanner (e.g., IR),which indicates that this document or portion of the document has beenscanned.

Human/Machine Readable

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device captures bothhuman and machine readable data. An example of human readable data istext. Examples of machine readable data are barcodes, icons, and hiddendata (such as embedded within a graphic, or written with ink havingproperties in the non-visible spectrum).

Data Capture from Displays

In some embodiments, the portable capture device can also read fromdisplay devices directly, and can thus be used to point, highlight,excerpt, underline, copy, paste, erase, etc., directly on a displayscreen. This capability leads to a powerful document editing systemwherein the user prints a document, works directly on the printedversion with a portable scanner (and possibly also interacts with thedynamic display), then prints a (revised) newer version, etc. Thismethod combines some of the best features of both the paper and digitalworld.

Data capture. from screens can be accomplished by optically capturingthe image shown on the display or by determining the location(s) on thedisplay over which the portable device attempts to capture data. Thelocation method retrieves the image from memory, usually video memory,associated with the display. In some embodiments, the portable devicereports its absolute location on the display to a computer associatedwith the display. The computer then retrieves the information displayedat that screen location from its video memory. The information in thevideo memory can be processed by an OCR application, similar toprocessing images captured directly by the portable device.

Biometrics Detection

In some embodiments, the portable capture device have the ability tocapture biometric (voice, fingerprint, retina, DNA) information forsecurity and authorization. As mentioned earlier, the one-dimensionallinear optical array can function as a fingerprint scanner by swipingthe user's finger across the array.

Magnetic Strip (Credit Card)

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device captures data fromthe magnetic strips that are commonly used on credit cards, which can beparticularly useful for p-commerce (purchasing) applications.

Functions/Operating Behavior

A processor or other control logic coordinates the overall operation ofthe portable data capture device. Usually, the processor operates from aprogram that is stored in memory. Of particular relevance to thefunctions and operating behavior of the device, memory stores programinstructions about acquisition, storage, and processing of data obtainedby an optical sensor. The processor can retrieve instructions frommemory for acquiring, storing, and processing data from rendereddocuments.

Processing capabilities in various embodiments of the portable datacapture device can be used for: capturing data; processing data,particularly image data; data compression and other image manipulation;caching algorithms and other functions associated with memory;communications; and security applications such as encryption/decryptionalgorithms.

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device has various modesand states for interacting with the network and associated computers.For example, in some embodiments, when working with a computer andword-processing software, the portable scanner has a highlighting modethat causes text scanned from a paper document to be highlighted in theelectronic document; an underline mode that causes text scanned from apaper document to be underlined in the electronic document; a copy modethat causes text scanned from the paper document to be inserted in theelectronic document at the cursor's location; etc.

The user can control the portable data capture device through the userinterface. For example, the user interface can include a display onwhich menus can be displayed to the user. The user selects among themenu options to control the actions of the portable scanner.

Some primary tasks of the portable data capture device include: captureof data from rendered documents; control of other electronic devices;status indication; data security and user privacy; local caching ofnetwork data; keyword processing; search; and OCR.

Capture/Scan

In some embodiments, a processor may retrieve an image captured by anoptical sensor and perform traditional Optical Character Recognition(OCR) techniques to determine which characters, if any, appear in thisimage.

Time/Location Stamp

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device creates timeand/or location stamps that are used to note the time and location thatcertain actions were performed. For example, when a user scans text froma document, the portable device creates a time stamp and/or locationstamp that is associated with the scanned text. The portable devicetransmits this time/location stamp is along with the scanned text to ahost computer or the service provider's network to establish a contextfor the scan. The portable device can use an internal clock for timedata or network time if a time signal from the network is available. GPSand many other methods are available to determine the location of theportable device. In some embodiments, the portable device uses aninternal clock and GPS technology for time/location data.

Although the location capability has been primarily discussed in thecontext of an on-board GPS receiver, many other location technologiescan be used. Some of these technologies are Enhanced Observed TimeDifference (EOTD), Assisted GPS (A-GPS), Differential GPS (DGPS), TimeDifference of Arrival (TDOA), Angle of Arrival, triangulation andmonitoring of local transceiver pilot signals. EOTD, TDOA and Angle ofArrival are most suitable when the portable device transmits a signal tonetworked base stations such that logic in the network may correlatedata about the signals received at each base station to estimate theposition of the portable device. Triangulation may be either internal orexternal. In some embodiments, the portable device performs internaltriangulation when it receives signals from at least three externaltransmitters (such as IEEE 802.11 base stations) and calculates anapproximate location based upon characteristics of the received signals.External triangulation occurs when networked receivers external to theportable device are used to estimate the location of the portable devicebased upon characteristics of a signal received from the portabledevice. One example of external triangulation would use received signalstrength at more than one external receiver to estimate the distance ofthe portable device from the external receivers. Fixed transmittersoften broadcast pilot signals that identify a particular transmitter sothat mobile receivers may “lock on” to signals from a desiredtransmitter. The location of the fixed transmitter and the approximatecoverage area are known, so the location of the portable device can beestimated based on which transmitter it “hears.” For example, if aportable device is receiving signals from an IEEE 802.11 wireless accesspoint, it can be assumed that the portable device is within 300 feet(currently the approximate outdoor range of IEEE 802.11g transmitters)of the wireless access point.

Control Via Captured Data

Captured data can be put to various uses, in addition to the previouslydiscussed document disambiguation and electronic counterpart location.In some embodiments, the portable data capture device is controlled andprogrammed via scanned data. The user can scan in commands from plaintext or from a printed menu of commands similar to a map key. Forexample, the user can scan a special icon that informs the portablescanner that the next captured data should be treated as a controlcommand. The user next scans a command, such as “Call Fred,” that causesthe portable device to execute an action that is pre-associated with thecommand, in this example placing a phone call to Fred. Similarly, insome embodiments, the portable device can be programmed to recognizethat the word “purchase” when scanned by itself (not as part of astring) indicates that the user wishes to initiate a p-commercepurchasing transaction.

In some embodiments, the portable device recognizes control symbolsdrawn by the user. Thus, the user can create a command menu on any pieceof paper simply by drawing the desired command icons or words. Controlicons recognized by the system in some embodiments are a “$” (toinitiate a p-commerce purchase); a “!” (to enter highlight mode); and aphone icon (to indicate that the following number is a telephone numberthat can be dialed of stored in the address book).

The portable device's behavior when it scans a keyword, discussedelsewhere in this document, is a subset of the behaviors available byuse of captured control data.

Control Via Gestures

An intuitive way for the user to interact with the portable data capturedevice is by gesturing with it. The user experience is greatly enhancedby associating predetermined actions and behaviors with certaingestures. Some of these gestures, as well as methods of detecting them,are discussed below.

The inventors have discovered that a text string of sufficient lengthmay be used to disambiguate a document from a pool, or “corpus,” ofdocuments. A handheld data capture device captures images of features(text, icons, etc.) in a rendered document. The images can be processed(e.g., by applying feature extraction techniques) onboard the handhelddocument imaging device or may be processed by a computer incommunication with the handheld imaging device. Generally, the capturedimages correspond to a contiguous string of alphanumeric characters,e.g., a text fragment. The system uses the text fragment to identify thepaper document and locate an electronic counterpart of the paperdocument. Typically, this requires a text fragment of at least a firstpredetermined length. Once the rendered document is disambiguated, it ispossible to interact with an electronic counterpart of the paperdocument. Interactions range from having a copy of the electronicdocument delivered to the user to the delivery of additional subjectmatter related to the source document, to the delivery of document map(markup) information, to using the source document to navigate aroundthe electronic counterpart document, to editing the electroniccounterpart, to carrying out complex financial transactions. Preferably,these interactions are accomplished using the handheld document imagingdevice as a command input device. It is desirable to have a handhelddocument imaging device whose user interface that provides a number ofcommand inputs and is intuitive to use while maintaining a compact size.

In some embodiments, the handheld device is controlled by the usersgestures. For example, scanning text in a forward direction may indicatethat the user wishes to store the text in memory. Scanning the same textin the reverse direction may indicate that the user wishes to erase thetext from memory. Rubbing back and forth over text in a document mayindicate that the user wants to highlight that text in an electroniccopy of the document. The system enables many gestures to be used tocontrol the actions of the portable device such as circular motions,shaking motions, etc. Many behaviors can be associated withpredetermined gestures, such as: starting the scan process; signalingthat the user is done scanning from a particular article or document(and therefore subsequent scanned data will be from a new article ordocument); highlighting; deleting previous entries; etc.

The inventors have further discovered that once a document isdisambiguated (thus setting context for subsequent scans within thedocument), it is possible to identify locations within the documentusing shorter text fragments. These identified locations may then beused as anchor points for interacting with the document, such as, forexample annotating the document, editing the document or extracting textand/or images from the document.

In some embodiments, the handheld document data capture device isconfigured to capture a series of frames of image data as the handhelddocument imaging device is moved across the face of the source document.In some embodiments, the handheld document data capture device isconfigured to capture a series of at least partially overlapping imageswhen used within predefined velocity limits. The amount of overlaptypically must be sufficient to allow relative X-Y motion between framesto be calculated. The handheld device is configured to extract featuresfrom the frames of captured image data. The handheld document imagingdevice may use an optical character recognition scheme to convert thecaptured images into text and then use a stitching algorithm toconstruct text strings from the captured image data or may use acharacter offset method on stitched together frames of image data todevelop representations of text strings or may use differences in thepixilation of the sequential frames of image data to calculate relativeposition. Where optical character recognition is used to generate textstrings, the text strings may be either horizontal or vertical withrespect to the page. The handheld document data capture device isoperatively coupled to a database that associates a predetermined motion(gesture) of the handheld document imaging device relative to the sourcedocument with a command input. The handheld document data capture devicemay be preconfigured with a gesture/command input pairing library or maybe trainable by the user. Additionally, gestures may be “overloaded”such that performing the same gesture may cause the execution ofdifferent command inputs depending upon the context of the gesture,e.g., time frame or location within the document.

In some embodiments, the user captures images of a section of the sourcedocument by moving a handheld document imaging device from left to rightalong a text line of the source document. The handheld document imagingdevice first determines if the source document has been disambiguated.If the source document has not been disambiguated it extracts documentfeatures from the captured frames of image data and communicates theextracted features to a computer which in turn uses the extractedfeatures to disambiguate the source document. If the source documenthas-already been disambiguated, the handheld document imaging deviceextracts document features and uses the extracted features to establisha position within the document and select the corresponding region/textin the electronic document.

As an example of how a gesture may be overloaded with respect tolocation within a document, moving the handheld document imaging devicefrom left to right a second time over substantially the same region ofthe source document causes the text within the selected region to beunderlined. In a further example of how the same gesture may beoverloaded with respect to location within a document moving thehandheld document imaging device from left to right a third time oversubstantially the same region of the source document causes the textwithin the selected region to be bolded.

In some embodiments, moving the handheld document imaging device fromright to left over substantially all of a previously selected region ofthe source document causes the preceding command input to be undone. Forexample, if, in accordance with the preceding description of anoverloaded left to right linear gesture, the user had bolded a selectedregion moving the handheld document imaging device from right to left asingle time over the selected region would cause the text within theselected region to be changed from bold to underlined. Moving thehandheld document imaging device from right to left a single time overthe selected region would cause the text within the selected region torevert to its initial formatting and repeating the right to left motiona third time would deselect the selected region entirely.

To further illustrate the beneficial nature of overloading, in someembodiments, moving the handheld document imaging device from right toleft over a portion of the previously selected region of the sourcedocument causes the portion of the previously selected region/text to bedeleted.

In some instances, the user may desire to interact with relatively largeblocks of text, such as, for example, copying or deleting single ormultiple paragraphs. In some embodiments, the user may move the handhelddocument imaging device from left to right to establish a beginninglocation and from left to right to establish an ending location. Thehandheld document imaging device uses the text strings (or symbolicrepresentation thereof) to establish the beginning and end of theselected region. Subsequent command inputs then function on the selectedregion. For example, in some embodiments, if the user moves the handhelddocument imaging device in an “X”-shaped pattern between the beginningand ending locations, the region of the source document between thebeginning and ending locations is deleted. Similarly, in someembodiments, if the user moves the handheld document imaging device in aback and forth motion while moving down the page, such as, for example,in a zigzag like manner, within the selected region, the selected regionis deleted. If the user moves the handheld document imaging devicedownward within the selected region; the selected region may behighlighted. In some embodiments, if the user moves the handhelddocument imaging device in a circular manner the selected region iscopied.

In some embodiments, the user uses a circular motion to select regionsof the source document. The system typically substantially maintainsformatting of the source document must be in the electronic document, ormaps the layout of the paper document to the electronic counterpartusing translation information in the markup document. The handhelddocument imaging device uses features extracted from the series offrames of image data to determine that the handheld document imagingdevice was moved in a circular pattern and uses the extracted featuresto determine the location of the selected region within the electronicdocument using a character mapping scheme. In some embodiments,different command inputs are associated with a clockwise circular motionand a counterclockwise circular motion respectively.

In some embodiments, the portable scanner recognizes and acts ongesture-based controls. For example, in some embodiments, the portablescanner scans in text by passing an optical sensor over the text, whichis then stored in memory in the scanner. By passing the optical sensorover the text in the reverse direction, the text is erased from memory.By scanning in a circle, a user can, in some embodiments, highlight thecircled text in an electronic document in a word processing program onthe scanner's host computer.

Detecting Motion

To detect and act on gesture-based commands, the handheld document datacapture device must be able to detect and interpret motion. Variousmethods of detecting motion and mapping motions to gesture commands arediscussed below. In some embodiments, the portable device calculatesmotion vectors between sequential image captures to identify gestures.

In some embodiments, the portable scanner starts a gestureinterpretation application whenever motion is detected. One way todetect motion is to compare sequentially captured images, much like anoptical mouse. In some embodiments, a first image is analyzed forpatterns. A processor uses software instructions to bring this imageinto memory and then find parts of this image that differ from abackground (e.g., identifying black text on a white background). Theprocessor records to memory where these patterns were located and whatthey were. The processor then loads a second image and attempts todetect these original patterns. The processor then compares how thelocations of these patterns may have changed from the first image. Thedifference is encoded as vectors. By repeating this process, a series ofvectors may be formed. Similar to “connect the dots,” these linesegments, or vectors, can trace out a motion sequence.

The processor can, in some embodiments, find vectors between pixels (orsome representative pixels) in a first and second image. To calculatethe vectors between images, the processor compares the images firstalong the horizontal axis, then along the vertical axis to determine thedevice's movement path between during the period between the capture ofthe first and second images. The processor then moves all of the pixelsin the first image one pixel to the right (with some pixels no longerbeing part of this image). The processor then recalculates thesevectors. If these vectors are shorter, the processor continues movingpixels to the right until there is no horizontal distance betweenpixels. If these vectors are longer, this processor begins moving pixelsto the left. After the horizontal component of the movement vector hasbeen determined, the processor repeats the comparison along the verticalaxis to determine the vertical component of the movement vector. Whenthe processor has calculated the vertical and horizontal components ofthe movement vector, the relative linear motion between the first imageand the second image is known.

Determining an Intended Gesture

In some embodiments, the calculation of motion vectors is followed by aneffort to determine which gesture was intended. The complexity of thisstep may depend on which gesture classifications exist. For example, ifa scanner only recognizes one gesture, e.g., backwards, classificationefforts may not need to consider any vertical components of motion. Insome embodiments, such as embodiments in which the scanner onlyrecognizes the backwards gesture, multiple vectors may be replaced by asingle representative vector as described herein. For instance, if auser is attempting to scan perfectly horizontally, but insteadoscillates vertically a little, the scanner may be able to determinethat this user intended a horizontal line, and replace the myriadvectors with one horizontal one.

Backwards and Forwards

An intuitive and elemental way to gesture with the handheld data capturedevice is to scan forwards and backwards along a line of text. In someembodiments, the handheld data capture device recognizes forward andbackward movement along a line of text by comparing the scanned textimages to stored character templates. Using the English alphabet as anexample, if the scanned character matches the template, the scanner ismoving left to right (forward). If the scanned character is a mirrorimage of the template, the scanner is moving right to left (reverse). Insome embodiments, backwards and forwards motion is determined by thepreviously discussed vector method.

Circle

Another intuitive and elemental way to gesture with the handheld datacapture device is to circle a region of text. In some embodiments, acircular gesture is identified by the previously discussed vectormethod. In some embodiments, the portable device uses absolute positioninformation to detect circular motion. One way to obtain absoluteposition information is, for example, from documents that have encodedgrids printed on them. Each image taken by the device contains absoluteposition information that can used to determine the device's motionrelative to the document surface.

When using the vector approach, the processor to add motion vectorstogether to determine if a vector ever crosses another vector,particularly the starting point of the first vector. Thesecircle-gesture detection techniques can be combined where vectors areused to determine if there might be a crossing, and then absoluteposition analysis is used to determine if such a crossing did in factoccur.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing steps typically performed by the systemto detect that a user has made a circle gesture. In step 800, thesesteps begin when the system detects a new elemental gesture. In step810, the system detects if this gesture has intersected itself. FIG. 9illustrates some examples of a user's attempts at performing a circlegesture. The first gesture 900 intersects at 910. In this example, thebeginning and the end of this motion actually cross over each other, andtherefore may be detected as an intersection. The second gesture 920,shows a gesture that may be determined to be a circle. The beginning andend come nearest to each other at 930. In some embodiments this distancemay be within an allowable margin to be considered an intersection. Thethird gesture 940 illustrates a gesture that may not be considered acircle. In some embodiments, the distance between the two nearest points950, 960 may be too far to be considered an intersection (though someembodiments may be programmed to accept even this). If this gesture hasintersected itself, this process of detecting a circle continues in FIG.8 at step 820 where the system considers the vertical component. If thisgesture has not intersected itself, this iteration returns to await anew gesture. In some embodiments, a vertical component may be consideredto ensure that this gesture is not a rubbing gesture, which a user maynot want to have interpreted as a circle. In some embodiments, verticalcomponent may be the difference between the highest and lowest pointsreached during the gesture. In some embodiments, this stage may bedetermined by comparing this difference to a threshold. If the verticalcomponent is not large enough to meet or exceed the threshold, thisprocess determines that the gesture was not a circle. If this componenthas been met, the system continues in step 830, where a horizontalcomponent may be considered. The horizontal evaluation is performedsimilar to the vertical evaluation. If a gesture has met all three ofthese criteria (intersection, vertical and horizontal) the systemclassifies it as a circle in step 840. If one of these criteria is notmet, the process returns to step 800 to await a new gesture.

Rubbing

Rubbing back and forth across a string of text is another intuitive andfundamental gesture that may be used to control a handheld image datacapture device. In some embodiments, a rubbing or back and forth gesturemay be interpreted as a highlighting command. For example, a user maymake a series of scans with a forward gesture and designate one scantarget with a rubbing gesture. In response, the scanner can flag thetext identified by the rubbing motion so that it is highlighted (e.g.,this “rubbed” text is on a brightly colored field) on subsequentretrievals. In another embodiment, text that was denoted with a forwardsgesture may be underlined.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram showing steps typically performed by thesystem to detect a rubbing gesture. As discussed here, the rubbinggesture is a vertical up and down motion; in some cases, however, theuser rubs horizontally back and forth across a string of text. In theprocess shown in FIG. 10, a new elemental gesture is started at step1000. In step 1070, the system detects a direction, as is describedelsewhere. In step 1020, the system detects a direction change. In step1030, the system evaluates the direction change to see if it is thereverse of the previous direction of movement. In some embodiments,reverse is defined as a new vector that points between 170 and 190degrees from the endpoint of the previous vector (where 180 is exactlythe opposite direction).

If this new direction is not reverse (including, in some embodiments,ending a scan), then the system continues instep 1000 to await a newgesture. If this new direction is reverse, then the system continues instep 1040 to detect another direction change. From step 1040, the systemcontinues in step 1050 where it is determined whether this new directionis the reverse of the second. If the third direction of motion is thereverse of the second direction, the system continues in step 1060 toperform predetermined behavior associated with the rubbing gesture.

Backwards to Erase

In some embodiments, a forward scan causes a scanner to store thescanned information in memory. If this scan, or a section of it, issubsequently scanned with a backwards gesture, this portion scanned inthe backwards direction is removed from memory. As an example, FIG. 11shows a scanner 1100 moving in the backwards (right to left) direction1110 across document 1120. The text captured and stored in memory by anearlier forward scan is shown in box 1130. Box 1140 shows the text thatwas scanned in the backwards direction, with the rightmost characterbeing the “first” character captured by the backwards scan. As the textis in box 1140 is captured by the backwards scan, each character iscompared to the previously scanned string. The scanner 1100 compares thefirst (rightmost) character of the backwards scan with the last(rightmost) character of the forward scan and continues in a similarmanner until the characters from the backwards scan stop matching thescanned string. The scanner stops comparing the two strings when itencounters a character in the backwards scan that does not match thecharacter at the corresponding position in the forward scan. After thecomparison stops, the scanner deletes the matching characters frommemory.

By observing the direction in which the scanning sensor stitchestogether the image of each character, the scanner detects palindromesand avoids interpreting them as an erasure gesture. The system detectspalindromes by observing the direction in which the scan occurs. Apalindrome scanned in the forward direction (left-to-right) will havecharacters images that are constructed by stitching together sequentialleft-to-right images. Right-to-left (backward) scans will capture acharacter image starting at the right side of the character and movingleft. For the English language, this right-to-left movement results inan image that is a mirror image of the initial left-right scan.Palindrome characters will not be mirror images and thus can bedistinguished from a reverse scan.

Gestures and Computer Monitors

In some embodiments, gesture commands can be used with documentsrendered on a computer display. For example, a user may gesture a caret(“^”) scan on a computer monitor to identify a location at which toinsert text. In this example, the scanner is in communication with thecomputer, which recognizes the caret gesture as a command to insert textat the indicated location. In response, the computer inserts the textfrom the last forward scan.

In some embodiments, a scanner may be used to interact with a computerin a fashion similar to a mouse, joystick, or other pointing device. Forexample, a scanner may function as a joystick by being held verticallypointing down. When a user moves this joystick in a given directioneither by tilting or moving, these movements are reflected as changes inthe scanner images. For example, if the scanner is tilted forwards, animage sensor may record a series of images going the opposite direction,each with more skew. By mapping how parts of these images move or skew,the scanner can determine how it is being moved. These motions may thenbe communicated to a computer. As a further example, a user can scrollthrough a document on a computer monitor by using the handheld scanneras a computer pointing accessory.

Association with and Control of Other Devices

In some embodiments, the handheld data capture device can control otherelectronic devices, can use other electronic devices to enhance its ownuser-interface (e.g., by using a computer display), and can enhance theuser-interface of other electronic devices by, for example, enablingscanned data entry.

After establishing a context (if necessary) by scanning a title or otheridentifier from a rendered document, the portable device is used toindicate the desired operations by scanning. For example, a user canprogram his video recorder (VCR) by scanning in a code that identifies adocument as a television guide, followed by a scan of a VCR+ code. TheVCR+ code is communicated to the VCR by IR communications, causing theVCR to perform the predetermined action associated with the code.

The scanner's proximity to devices, especially those to which it hasBluetooth, USB, or IEEE 802.11 connections, can be used to defineprogramming behavior as well. The scanning of a package of frozen foodin the proximity of a microwave might set the appropriate cooking time.In the context of a car, scanning an address can cause the scanner toprogram the car's onboard navigation system to that address.

Another device's user control interface can be enhanced by thecapabilities of the handheld data capture device. In essence, thehandheld data capture device controls other devices by scanninginformation from paper. In a typical system, the portable deviceconverts scanned information into instructions for another device towhich it has a Bluetooth™ pairing.

Association with Nearby Devices

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device is paired to ahost machine. The host machine is preferably a computer, personaldigital assistant (PDA) device, or a mobile communication device such asa mobile phone or Blackberry™ text messaging device. An exchange ofauthentication and security information is part of the pairing processbetween the portable device and the host device. The portable devicewill perform authentication and security procedures prior to interactingwith host devices to which it is not currently paired. The securityprocedures can optionally include user identification procedures, suchas biometric identification.

FIG. 12 shows a block diagram of one system configuration forassociating nearby devices with a portable scanner. A mobile device 1218may incorporate or Interact with a portable scanner function 1210. Theportable scanner 1210, which is a scanner designed for convenienttransport by a person, may be a pen-style device, a mouse, a remotecontrol, or a portable phone, to name just a few of the possibilities.The portable scanner 1210 may comprise short-range communicationcapability (e.g., short range RF such as Bluetooth™, short rangewire-line such as USB, etc.) which it may use to communicate with themobile device 1218. The scanner includes a user ID code 1222 thatuniquely identifies the scanner among other such scanners known to thesystem.

Examples of mobile devices 1218 include laptop, notebook, orsub-notebook computers; a hand-held computer such as a personal digitalassistant (PDA); or a cellular or other wireless telephone. In someembodiments, the scanner function 1210 and mobile device 1218 are thesame device.

Information captured by the portable scanner 1210 in one or more scans,possibly along with other information, is communicated to the network1202, from which it is communicated to the content location andretrieval service 1206. In some embodiments, this information mayinitiate a content request/location/retrieval action. The informationfrom at least one of the scans may come from a printed source, forexample, a newspaper, magazine, flyer, book, manual, brochure, label, oradvertisement. The information from one or more of the scans may alsocome from electronically or digitally displayed information, forexample, text, barcodes, icons, glyphs, or other information from anelectronic display.

The mobile device 1218 provides longer-range communication capability tothe network 1202. Examples of such communication comprise the standardpublic switched telephone network (using a dial-up modem, for example),digital subscriber line, asynchronous digital subscriber line, cablemodem, Ethernet, wide-area LAN technology, wireless LAN technology suchas IEEE 802.11, and wireless cell phone technology.

The network 1202 comprises communication switching, routing, and datastorage capabilities. The network 1202, inter alia, routes andpropagates information between components of the system. The network1202 may comprise the Internet, an intranet or intranets, wire-lineand/or wireless network portions.

The device database 1204 comprises information about devices that may beassociated with the portable scanner 1210, and, in some embodimentsand/or under some conditions, the mobile device 1218. In someembodiments, the device database 1204 provides an association of deviceidentifiers with device addresses. The device database 1204 may alsoprovide an association of device identifiers with supported contenttypes. In some embodiments, the device database 1204 comprises one ormore of a relational database, an index, a mapping table, and anenhanced domain name service.

The device association 1208 comprises associations between portablescanners and input/output (I/O), storage, or processing devices. In someembodiments the device database 1204 and the device association 1208 aredistinct functions which may be separately accessed by other functions,for example, by content retrieval 1206. In some embodiments the deviceassociation 1208 and the device database 1204 may be incorporated into acommon functional component.

The content retrieval 1206 communicates with the device database 1204and the device association 1208 to obtain, inter alia, deviceinformation and device association information. In some embodiments thedevice database 1204 and/or the device association 1208 may communicatewith the content retrieval 1206 using a network such as network 1202.

The device database 1204, the device association 1208, and the contentretrieval 1206 may comprise a “service provider.” A service provider isa network-accessible provider of information and/or services infulfillment of client requests. Service providers may providesubscription-based, advertising supported, pay-per-use, and/orpay-per-transaction access to content and/or communication services.

The content retrieval 1206 comprises content location and retrievalfunctionality. Content is at least one of text, digital sound or music,or one or more digital images or video. The content retrieval 1206locates content corresponding to, related to, and/or identified byinformation scanned by the portable scanner 1210.

The content retrieval 1206 communicates with the network 1202 andprovides the located content to an I/O, storage, or processing deviceassociated with the portable scanner 1210.

The associated device may be, inter alia, an image/video renderingsystem 1212 or audio rendering system 1214. Some devices (e.g., acombined device 1216) may include both audio and imaging/video systems1212 1214. Examples of such combination devices 1216 include a laptopcomputer, a desktop computer, televisions, multi-user computer systems,or a kiosk.

Other devices that may be associated with the portable scanner 1210include a data storage device. 1220 or a printer. Examples of a datastorage device 1220 comprise a computer hard drive, portable flashstorage device, portable music and/or video and/or e-book player (e.g.,portable content player), and optical storage media. Computingresources, such as a laptop, desktop, or network-based computer orcomputers, may also be associated with the portable scanner 1210 inorder to enhance the processing capabilities associated with the scanner1210.

Identifying a device to which content will be delivered may involvereceiving a device identifier for the associated device. The deviceidentifier may be provided by the scanner 1210 or mobile device 1218associated with the scanner. Examples of a device identifier are abarcode, unique device serial number, a network address such as anInternet Protocol (IP) address, an alphanumeric code, or a unique devicename.

In some embodiments, the network address of the associated device isnecessary but an identifier for the associated device is not. The systemmay function without full knowledge of the capabilities of theassociated device in some cases. In other cases, the capabilities may beinferred. For example, if the device requests a communication sessionidentifier via a web browser, and a scanner subsequently submits thecommunication session identifier to the system, it is likely that thedevice has a display from which the session identifier was scanned.

In some embodiments, one or more devices are “registered” by the user ofa scanner so that they are associated with the unique user (or device)ID that identifies the scanner. For example, a laptop computer that isowned by a user of a scanner may be registered as “Device #1” associatedwith the scanner's unique user and/or device ID. (Thus, the associateddevice identifier may be quite simple given the limited number ofdevices registered by a single user.) The associated device may compriselogic that automatically registers its current network address with theservice provider (since that network address may frequently change when,for example, a laptop is moved to a new location and establishes a newconnection with the Internet). This simplifies the user's task wheninitiating a new session with the service provider, because the userneed only scan the associated device's identifier and automaticallycommunicate a command to the service provider to look up the associateddevice, retrieve its current network address, and communicate subsequentsystem responses to the indicated device. Furthermore, the management ofthe service providers system is simplified because there is no need tocreate and maintain a set of identifiers that are unique among alldevices known to the service provider. Each user of the service maysimply register any devices that are to be used without having to applyfor (and subsequently apply) a more-complex device identifier, such as alengthy serial number.

Furthermore, selecting a device from the small domain of devicesassociated with a given scanner (and/or user) makes it possible to usealternative methods to identify the desired device. For example, adevice may be identified by scanning a selected icon or by performing adistinct gesture with the scanner.

A device identifier may be provided by scanning it and thencommunicating it to the content location and retrieval 1206 (serviceprovider) system. In some embodiments, the system causes a deviceidentifier to appear on a visual display of the device so that it may bescanned by the portable scanner 1210. The user may scan the deviceidentifier from a serial number affixed to the device, scanned from abarcode affixed to the device, and so on. The identifier of theassociated device may be provided with or prior to a contentrequest/location/retrieval action by the scanner 1210.

In some embodiments, the system selects one or more devices to associatewith the portable scanner 1210, at least in part, because they arenearby the location of the portable scanner 1210. In some embodiments,the system identifies the location of the portable scanner 1210 usingGPS satellite location information, information triangulated usingmultiple RF transceivers, and/or location of Wi-Fi or other wirelessaccess points used by or nearby to the portable scanner 1210.

In some embodiments, the system selects one or more devices to associatewith the portable scanner by examining characteristics of the locatedcontent type (for example, is it text, video, or audio) and determiningwhether a candidate nearby device supports rendering of that contenttype.

In some embodiments, the device identifier for the associated device isused to identify the network address of the associated device. Thedevice identifier may be a unique ID that distinguishes the device fromall other devices known to the system, or it may be an identifier that,in combination with the unique user and/or device ID 1222 associatedwith the scanner 1210, serves to uniquely identify the device to thesystem. The network address may comprise, among other possibilities, anIP address, a MAC address, a Uniform Resource Locator, or a device nameor identifier which is recognized by the network 1202 as being aparticular device to which information may be sent.

In some embodiments, the system delivers the located content to theassociated device by configuring the associated device for exclusive useby a person using the portable scanner 1210 for as long as the portablescanner 1210 is associated with the device. Configuring the associateddevice for exclusive access by the person using the scanner 1210 may beparticularly important in public or semi-public environments.

In some embodiments, the system provides portable scanner 1210 and/orassociated mobile device 1218 with access to information for whichaccess is controlled by the associated I/O or storage device. Examplesof such information are information to enable and/or facilitatefunctionality of the scanner 1210, possibly including keyworddefinitions, document indexes, tables and parameters to facilitate OCRand/or voice recognition.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing a typical query session associating ascanning device and a service provider. In this example, thesession-oriented application is a web browser.

A portable scanner 1210 interacts with and captures information from acomputer system comprising a display 1302. Examples of the computersystem include a desktop, laptop, or handheld computer, a PDA, or acellular or other wireless phone. The computer system comprises webbrowser 1304 logic. The web browser 1304 typically communicates via anetwork with a server. The server may comprise, inter alia, a webserver, CGI script server, a private network (intranet) server, or aserver of a wire-line or wireless telephone support network.

A web browsing session may be characterized by a session identifier(session ID 1306). The session ID 1306 is a code that uniquelyidentifies a browser communication session. Examples of session ids 1306are HTTP session IDs as well as other protocol session IDs. In someembodiments, when the web browser 1304 is directed to load a web pagefrom a URL designating a web site belonging to service provider 1308,the service provider 1308 records the network address associated withthe request from the web browser 1304, and returns a web page on whichis displayed a unique session ID code 1306. The service provider 1308records (for example, in device association database 1208) theassociation between the unique session ID code 1306 and the networkaddress of the device providing the web browser 1304 application.

The session identifier 1306 may be displayed to a user of the browser1304. Specific functionality may be provided to the web browser 1304 sothat the session identifier 1306 may be displayed. The portable scanner1210 may scan the displayed session ID 1306 code. The scanner 1210communicates the scanned unique session ID code 1306 to the serviceprovider 1308, together with the unique scanner and/or user ID 1222,using any of the one or more network communication channels by which thescanner 1210 communicates with the service provider 1308. This maycomprise a request to the service provider 1308 to initiate a querysession. Responses to subsequent scans (e.g., subsequent queries) arecommunicated to the web browser 1304 at the network address previouslyassociated with session ID 1306. In some embodiments, the system mayrespond with a query session initiation request acknowledgement that maybe displayed on web browser 1304 confirming to the user that the systemhas correctly identified the user and his intention to initiate a querysession via associated the device 1302. When the user finishes a querysession, for example, an “end session” icon or command may be scannedfrom the display of the associated device 1302 and communicated to theservice provider 1308 to terminate the current session. The serviceprovider 1308 may then communicate a command to the web browser 1304 toclear the display (removing any potentially sensitive informationpreviously displayed in the session) and display a new unique session IDcode 1306 that may be scanned to initiate a new query session.Similarly, after a pre-determined time interval during which nocommunication is received by the service provider 1308 from the scanner1210, the session may automatically time-out and be similarlyterminated.

Subsequent to communicating a query session initiation request, theportable scanner 1210 may scan information from a printed source. Thescanned information may include text, a barcode, glyph, and/or otheridentifier of a printed source. The scanned information may include aproduct name, barcode, company name, logo, trademark, or otheridentifier of a product. The scanned information may include song name,artist name, anthology name, and/or other identifier of musical content.The scanned information may include an image name, caption, heading,and/or other identifier of image content, or a movie name, actor name,producer name, director name, studio name, product name, or otheridentifier of video content.

Information captured by the at least one scans (including the scannedsession ID 1306), with possibly additional information, may beincorporated in a content request. The scanned information may becommunicated to a service provider 1308 in one or more communications.The service provider 1308 may apply the session ID code 1306 to, atleast in part, direct content back to the web browser 1304. This mayresult in the web browser 1304 receiving content communicated as aresult of actions of the portable scanner 1210.

Content communicated may include an electronic version of a printeddocument from which information was scanned, digital music associatedwith information of a scan, a digital voice recording, audio news orcommentary, audio product information, or other recorded or synthesizedsound, at least one of digital image, digital photo, product image orvideo, video of news reports or commentary or other digital images orvideo.

FIG. 14 is an action flow diagram showing interactions typicallyperformed between devices by the system to provide content to a scannerassociated device.

In interaction 1402, a display device comprising web browser logiccommunicates a request to the service provider (e.g., a systemcomprising the device association and/or device database) to generate aunique session ID code, which is recorded in the device associationdatabase along with a network address associated with the browser. Ininteraction 1404, a unique session ID is generated and communicated backto the browser at its associated network address. In interaction 1406,the unique session ID is scanned from its displayed location. Ininteraction 1408, a query session initiation request is communicated tothe service provider that includes the unique user and/or scanner ID andthe unique session ID code. The service provider applies the uniquesession ID code contained in the request issued in interaction 1408 toidentify the network address recorded in the device associationdatabase, and a query session acknowledgement is communicated ininteraction 1410 to the device at the identified network address. Thebrowser displays the query session request acknowledgement to the userof the scanner. The service provider also records, in the deviceassociation database, that the unique session ID is now “owned” by theuser of the scanner, e.g., that other portable scanning devices may notbecome associated with this session ID. The service provider associatesthe unique user and/or scanner ID with the currently active session IDcode and the associated network address.

In interaction 1412 the scanner communicates scanned information (REQ)to the content retrieval function. Content retrieval determines contentto provide in response to the scanned information.

In some embodiments, the type of the content is communicated to thedevice database in interaction 1414. Content type may be used, at leastin part, in determining which associated device or devices is mostsuited to render the content when more than one device is currentlyactively, associated with scanner. When content is identified for whichno currently available device is suitable, a link to such content or thecontent itself may be stored in a database, emailed to a predeterminedaddress for the user, or otherwise retained, so that such content may beaccessed at a later time when an appropriate rendering device isavailable.

In interaction 1416 the device database communicates an associateddevice address or addresses, or a network address or addresses, tocontent retrieval. In interaction 1418 content retrieval provides thecontent to the associated device.

In some embodiments, the system may associate storage devices with theuser's scanner for the purpose of storing electronic content (audio,video, digital documents, etc.) delivered by the system in response to ascan of a printed document. For instance, by scanning an identifier thatuniquely identifies a device having storage capability (such as acomputer with a hard drive, writable. DVD, CD-ROM, etc.), the system maymodify its databases so that future deliveries of content in response toscans of printed documents (originating from the portable scanner) willbe delivered to the corresponding storage device and archived for laterretrieval.

In some embodiments, the system determines the user's location and whichnearby devices may be associated with the user's portable electronicdevice. The system may determine the user's location by way of on-boardGPS in portable device, by triangulation of wireless signals, bydetermining the location of the communication network transceiverserving the device, by querying the user, or any other suitable method.

In some embodiments, the system maintains a device database that haslocation information for I/O devices that may be used in conjunctionwith a portable scanning device. When the system receives a request froma portable scanner for association with an I/O device, the systemdetermines the location of the portable scanner and then identifiesappropriate candidates by referring to the device database.

In some embodiments, the system enables the user to preset theassociations of devices with the portable scanner. As one example, theuser may want to have his home computer designated as the recipient forcontent requests that originate from his scanner. To accomplish this,the user accesses the service provider's website and manually enteridentifiers of the devices and data repositories (e.g., the homecomputer) that are to receive responses to his scanned queries.Alternatively, the system uses the various scanning methods discussedthroughout this document to automatically identify the recipientdevices.

In some embodiments, a public kiosk displays a dynamic session ID. Thekiosk is connected to a communication network such as the Internet or acorporate intranet. The connection may be via cable modem, telephonesystem (PSTN, ADSL, DSL, cellular etc), wireless local area network(WLAN, IEEE802.11, etc.) or any other suitable access method. Thesession ID changes periodically but at least every time that the kioskis used so that a new session ID is displayed to every new user. To usethe kiosk, the user scans in the session ID displayed by the kiosk; byscanning the session ID, the user informs the system that he wishes totemporarily associate the kiosk with his scanner for the delivery ofcontent resulting from scans of printed documents. The scanner maycommunicate the session ID and other information authenticating thescanner (such as a serial number, account number, or other identifyinginformation) directly to the system (perhaps via a wirelesscommunication such as a cellular Short Message Service (SMS) message) orby using the kiosk's links to the communication network. For example,the scanner may apply the kiosk's communication link by transferring thesession initiation information to the kiosk (perhaps via short range RFsuch as BlueTooth™, etc.). The kiosk communicate then communicates thesession initiation information to the service provider's system via itsInternet connection. The scanner may communicate directly (where“directly” means without passing the message through the kiosk) with theservice provider's system by communicating the session initiationmessage through the user's cellphone (which may be paired with theuser's scanner via Bluetooth) or other wireless communication device.

In some embodiments, the system prevents others from using a deviceassociated with a scanner during the period (session) in which thedevice is associated with the scanner. This feature is especially usefulto prevent others from using a public kiosk before a previous sessionhas ended. As an example of this concept related to use of a computer atan Internet café, the user may initiate the session by scanning thesession ID from the kiosk display (or entering it via a keypad ortouchscreen on the portable scanner); and the system associates in itsdatabases the session ID with the serial number (or other identifierthat uniquely identifies the user and/or the user's scanner) of hisscanner so another scanner cannot scan the session ID and use the kioskduring his session. The scanner may be in communication (throughwireless link such as Bluetooth™, a hardwired link such as a dockingstation, etc.) with a computer associated with the display or may be indirect (i.e., without going through the computer) communication with theservice provider's system via another means such as cellular, etc.

In some embodiments, the portable scanners functions vary depending uponthe associated devices. For example, if a portable scanner is associatedwith a nearby computer that has optical character recognition (OCR)capability, the scanner may communicate scanned image data to thecomputer, whereas if the associated computer did not have OCRcapability, the portable scanner may apply an on-board OCR function toconvert the scanned images to text before communicating the text to theservice provider.

In some embodiments, the scanner obtains the communication sessionidentifier from the computer by wireless communications (e.g., aBluetooth™ link) rather than scanning. For example, after a portablescanner makes a Bluetooth™ connection with a computer, the computer mayuse the Bluetooth connection to communicate the communication sessionidentifier to the scanner, rather than displaying it on the computerdisplay for the user to scan with the portable scanner.

In some embodiments, the system enhances the user interface for portableelectronic devices by associating other devices that have better videoor audio capability than the portable electronic device. For example, asubscriber waiting for a flight in an airport may browse a televisionguide and notice a show that he wishes to watch. Using the web browseron his computer to browse to the service provider's website, thesubscriber may get a communication session identifier communicated tohis laptop computer. Scanning the communication session identifier andinformation identifying the show from the television guide, thesubscriber identifies the laptop computer as the location where hewishes to have the video content (the television show) delivered. Thesystem may check whether the subscriber has the proper permissions toaccess the content (e.g., does he have a ‘cable television’ servicecontract; if broadband Internet access is necessary to deliver thevideo, does he have a broadband service contract with an InternetService Provider, etc.) prior to sending it to the laptop computer.

Personal Computer

In some embodiments, the handheld document data capture device controlsthe operation of a personal computer (PC). The handheld device submitsdata and instructions to the PC that cause the PC to launch softwareapplications and/or take other actions. For example, when making a PowerPoint™ presentation with a computer and LCD projector, a user cancontrol the operation of the computer by scanning a paper copy of thePower Point™ slides. The user scans information from a slide to make thecomputer advance to the slide. The handheld device can also be used tocontrol word processing software, web browsers, and other softwareapplications from a rendered document. The user can edit electronicdocuments, make purchases over the Internet, and send messages bycontrolling the personal computer with the handheld device.

Editing

In some embodiments, the handheld data capture device serves as a dataentry device for a host computer. The handheld device and the hostcomputer, in combination with word processing software, comprise apowerful document editing system.

The document editing system mirrors and/or interprets the users motionson a printed surface as editing commands for the document in thecomputer's word processing application. By use of the handheld device,the user causes the word processing software to perform variousfunctions such as bookmark, highlight/underline/bold/italicize text,cut, copy, paste, search, save, and print.

In some embodiments, the color of the highlight indicator on thehandheld device indicates the color of highlights that will appear indigital copy. In some embodiments, colored lights can be reflected ontothe paper to indicate to the user the color of the highlights that willappear in the digital copy, the state of the capture device, etc.

VCR

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device can control videorecording devices. For example, by capturing data from a televisionguide, the portable device can transmit commands to program a videorecording device to record predetermined television programs. In someembodiments, the portable device transmits the commands to the videorecording device by infrared (IR) communications.

Status Indicators

The user-interface of the handheld data capture device can inform theuser about the current status of the device. The device can alert theuser by visual, auditory or tactile indicators. Some of the more usefuluser-interface status indicators are discussed below but this is by nomeans a comprehensive list of the possibilities.

Sufficient Scan Indicator

In some embodiments, the portable capture device indicates to a userthat enough information has been captured to identify a document. Forexample, a handheld scanner may store predetermined thresholds thatindicate a particular scan uniquely identifies a document. When thethreshold is met or exceeded, the portable scanner indicates to the uservia the user interface that enough information has been scanned toidentify the document. These predetermined thresholds may be determinedbased on heuristics (i.e., rules of thumb), statistical analysis, orother suitable methods.

The handheld data capture device may indicate to the user thatsufficient information has been scanned via the visual, audio, ortactile capability of the user interface. Upon determining that thescanned information has met or exceeded the predetermined threshold, thedevice's processor will instruct the user interface to communicate tothe user that enough information has been scanned to identify thedocument from which the information was scanned.

In some embodiments, the sufficient scan indicator indicates variouslevels of confidence in the “sufficiency” of the scan. For example, ared right might indicate that not enough text has been captured, ayellow light might indicate a fifty percent probability that enough texthas been captured, and a green light indicates a near certainty thatenough text has been captured.

Methods of Determining Sufficiency

In some embodiments, the system uses a heuristic for determining thesufficiency threshold that is based on observations of the uniquecharacter of written expression. Most documents can be uniquelyidentified with a scan of fewer than 10 words (roughly 20-50 charactersor symbols). This heuristic holds across all languages on which it hasbeen tested. In the event that a scan in the range of 4-10 words resultsin duplicate documents, the user can be prompted to scan additionalwords to further narrow the results.

Processing logic in the portable device can decide whether or not a scanis likely to uniquely identify the source document. In some embodiments,a sufficiency threshold is a parameterized rule of thumb based onobservation of previous scans. For example, the scanner may beprogrammed such that eight words are unique (where a “word” is a seriesof characters between spaces). Alternatively, the scanner may beprogrammed with a sufficiency threshold that requires that the capturedtext have at least six words that are all longer than three characterseach. Another approach is to determine that a scan is unique after ascan of a certain physical distance (e.g., a scan of four inches of textwould be more than half of a line of text on a standard width page).Another approach is to set the threshold based on characters scanned,rather than words (e.g., a scan is unique after 40 characters). Asanother alternative, scan sufficiency can be determined by sending thescanned text to a search engine and receiving a search result. When thesearch engine returns a unique match, the scan is sufficient. Anotherway that a scan may be determined to be unique is if some embedded datais found, such as a two dimensional barcode, that is designed to conveyuniquely identifying information.

Context affects the amount of captured information necessary to identifya document or specific location in a document. The more context thesystem knows about a particular scan, the shorter the phrase that isrequired for uniqueness. Within a known document, the system cancalculate a sub-index that indicates what is required to be uniquewithin that document. In other words, because the system knows all thetext in the document, the system can determine which combinations ofcharacters and/or words are ambiguous and which are not. How much textmust be captured to be unambiguous in a particular document is afunction of the total number of characters in the document, word length,and how many-times a word is used in the document. Expressedmathematically, one embodiment of this relationship is:sufficiency=f(total num chars, num of repeat chars, word lengths).

The threshold method enables the handheld data capture device toindicate to the user in real time whether the captured text is unique ornot.

When using the method of submitting a search to a search engine,uniqueness is determined by one or null hits—i.e., no other indexeddocument has content matching the search query.

When using a word count threshold to determine the sufficiency of ascan, the length of the scanned words will affect the number of wordsrequired to sufficiently identify the document or region. Long wordsgenerally have more disambiguation value than short words. Thus, theword “amalgamation” has more disambiguation value than the word “the.”Word length can be determined, even prior to OCR, by observing whetherthere are any whitespaces in a character string. A large number ofcharacters without intervening whitespaces indicates a big word, whichis likely to have high disambiguation value. A large number ofwhitespaces separated by a few characters means short words which haveless disambiguation value.

Information about font size, color, and font type are useful fordisambiguation. Knowing these properties can reduce the amount of textneeded to identify a document or region.

Embedded Control Data Indicator

In some embodiments, the handheld data capture device alert the userwhen the user encounters control data embedded in a document. Forexample, the portable device can alert the user when it encounters aknown keyword. As another example, the handheld device can alert theuser to active regions defined within the document by the markup layer.As yet a further example, the device can alert the user when itencounters control data embedded in ink that has non-visible properties(e.g., UV/IR ink) or two-dimensional bar codes.

Context Indicator

In some embodiments, the portable device indicates to the user thatdevice does or does not recognize its current context (e.g., whether thedevice knows the identity of the document that the user is currentlyworking with, region within a known document, etc.). Context “lock” isparticularly useful for p-commerce applications. For example, thecontext indicator can inform the user that the system knows from whichcatalog she is scanning item. Thus, ensuring that the correct items willbe purchased from the correct vendor. In some embodiments, the contextindicator displays the name or other identifying information of therendered document.

Online/Offline Indicator

In some embodiments, the portable device alerts the user to whether itis operating in online or offline mode. When the device is online, ithas an active connection to a host computer or the service provider'snetwork. When the device is offline, it is not presently incommunication with other system devices.

Data Capture Indicator

In some embodiments, the device indicates to the user that it iscapturing data and otherwise functioning correctly.

Error Indicators

In some embodiments, the device alerts the user to errors. For example,the device may beep to alert the user that the paper document has beenidentified but the user does not have permission to access theelectronic counterpart of the paper document. As further examples, thedevice can alert the user that the last scan must be repeated; thataccess has been denied to a host computer or service provider network,that a document delivery did not occur (e.g., the user's life libraryarchive did not receive/accept a document), the portable device is outof memory, battery power is running low, etc.,

Highlight Color Indicators

In some embodiments, the portable device shows the user what color thehighlight function will produce. In some embodiments, the host computershows the color of the current highlighting mode on its display (e.g.,yellow means that word processing software is highlighting in yellow).

Security/Privacy

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device has security andprivacy processes that unauthorized persons cannot use the device, thatdata transmissions are private, and that the user's identity can beverified for commercial transactions.

In some embodiments, the portable device uses encryption processes toensure privacy and security of user data. Data stored in the device'smemory can be encrypted as well as data transmitted to other devices.Additionally, the user can set the device profile to limit the amountand kind of information shared with other devices. In some embodiments,the system allows the user to designate that all search results arereturned to the portable device and are not stored in the system orservice provider network.

In some embodiment, the scanner is paired to a host machine such as acomputer, PDA, or mobile phone. The system can lock the portable datacapture device so that it works only with a particular host machine byprogramming the host machine's identifier (e.g., serial number, etc.)into a predetermined location in the portable device's memory. Beforecommunicating with another device, the portable device checks thepredetermined memory location to see which machine is its assigned host.If anyone tries to use the scanner with another device the system (orthe scanner itself) requires user to verify/authenticate his identitybefore the new communication pairing will operate.

Biometrics Uses

In some embodiments, the handheld data capture device and its associatedsystem use biometrics for security and privacy. For example, a user canverify his identity by scanning his fingerprint with the portabledevice. As another example, in some embodiments, the device usesbiometric information to encrypt data for privacy, such as usingfingerprint scans for elliptic curve encryption. In some embodiments,the handheld device uses the same optical path for scanning text andbiometrics.

Online/Offline Behavior

In some embodiments, the handheld document data capture device exhibitsdifferent behaviors depending upon whether the device is online oroffline. A device is offline when it is not in communication with otherdevices such as host computers, communication networks, or data captureservice provider networks. A data capture service provider network, alsoreferred to as a scanner service provider network, is a service providerthat supports applications of the handheld document data capture device,such as a life library archive provider.

In some embodiments, the portable device continues to function even whenit is offline. The user can still scan data from rendered documents,make voice annotations, search for documents, and initiate p-commercetransactions. Some of these functions (such as transactions,annotations, and searches) will not be completed until networkconnectivity is restored.

One form of offline behavior occurs when a document is not currentlyavailable in electronic form. Thus, a search based on data captured fromthe document will return no matches. When this happens, the system cansave the search query and periodically resubmit it until the documentbecomes available at some point in the future. The system can alsonotify the user that an electronic counterpart is not currentlyavailable.

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device keep the capturedraw data (image or voice) in memory for later retrieval. This capabilityallows the system to recover the “as captured” data for furtherprocessing. For example, when a user scans text with a portable scanner,the scanned image is saved to memory and an OCR process is performed onthe scanned image. If the image cannot be recognized by the OCR process,then raw image data can be sent to the host computer or service providerfor further processing. In some embodiments, the scanned image data iskept in memory until it is overwritten by new data. For example, thedevice may save raw images and processed images (e.g., OCR'd text) untilits memory fills up, at which point some embodiments of the device willonly save the processed images and overwrite the raw images, whichtypically use much more memory space than the processed images.

The portable device can access locally cached data when in offline mode.Also, in some embodiments, of the portable data capture device detectswhen the connection to the host computer and/or network are availableand automatically change behavior accordingly. For example, a portabledevice with this online/offline detection can automatically begincaching captured data when the connection is lost.

Local Caching

By local caching of information that the user is likely to need, thesystem can reduce latency and conserve network bandwidth. Locally cachedsearch indexes, keyword libraries, markup information, and fontlibraries enhance the user experience and network operation. Localcaching of font libraries enables the portable device to performtemplate-based OCR, even when it is in offline mode.

In some embodiments, the document data capture device will locally cachethe results of recent scans to reduce network traffic because as much as50% of network traffic will be repeat hits on same material, especiallyrecently published materials.

A user's life library can also be cached in a host computer associatedwith the portable device. Tokens representing documents in the user'slife library can be locally cached in the portable device. Locallycaching the user's life library allows the user to access his lifelibrary even in offline mode.

In some embodiments, the system caches on the portable devicerepresentations of how much text is required for a scan to sufficientlyidentify a paper document or locate an electronic counterpart. Thislocal cache can also include a list of commonplace expressions andcliches that have less disambiguation value than average text does. Whencaptured data includes common expressions or cliches, the minimumdisambiguation threshold increases and additional text is required tosufficiently identify a document. Thus, common phrases increase theamount of text that must be scanned to identify a document. By locallycaching these common phrases, the portable device enhances its abilityto indicate to the user that enough text has been captured to identifythe document.

By locally caching a list of documents known to be indexed by system(e.g., newspapers, magazines, etc.) the scanner can indicate that itknows context even when it is in offline mode.

In some embodiments, when the portable device encounters a font that isnot locally cached, it downloads the appropriate font library from theirhost computer or service provider.

When a document has been identified, the markup document associated withthat document can be downloading into scanner. Local caching of themarkup document enables local determination of scanner behavior for thatdocument.

In some embodiments, the system pre-caches indexes or other data aboutdocuments that the user is likely to encounter. For example, in someembodiments, the system pushes the index and markup document for thelocal newspaper down onto a user's portable scanner every morning inanticipation of the user scanning data from the newspaper.

Font Templates

In some embodiments, the handheld document data capture device locallycaches font libraries and font templates. The font templates can bedownloaded to the device after the font is recognized. It is notnecessary to wait until the handheld device has captured one example ofevery character in the alphabet. After the system recognizes the font ofsome captured characters, the font library can be downloaded into datacapture devices having local cache capability. The system can reduce OCRlatency by locally caching the font templates in the portable datacapture device.

Indexes

In some embodiments, the system caches search indexes on the portabledata capture device. In some embodiments, the system can pre-cacheindexes that the user is likely to need. For example, the system maypre-cache a portable device every day with the latest index to the localnewspaper.

Keyword Libraries

Libraries of keywords can be locally cached on suitable embodiments ofthe portable data capture device. Locally caching keywords enables theportable device to locally determine its behavior in response to captureof a keyword. Local determination of behavior is especially useful whenthe portable device is not connected to a host machine or serviceproviders network.

Markup Information

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device downloads markupdata for a document. This capability enables the portable device tolocally determine at least some of its behavior in response to datacapture from the document.

Keyword Processing

In some embodiments, the portable scanner recognizes keywords incaptured data and supports keyword applications. Actions taken inresponse to the keywords are predetermined by the system and the markupdocument associated with the rendered document from which the keywordsare captured. Generally, global keyword definitions are held at thesystem level and local keyword definitions are in the markup document.Unless otherwise specified in the markup document, the local definitionsoverride the global definitions.

Keywords can be special symbols recognized by the scanner (such as theapple icon that is used as the trademark symbol of Apple Computers™) orregular text. For example, a document such as a catalog may include amenu of command symbols that have special significance to the portable,device. To execute a control program associated with a keyword, the userwould scan one of the special symbols. In response the device'sprocessor would access and execute the control program associated withthe keyword. In the catalog example, one of the special symbols mayinitiate a purchasing program that can be used to order products fromthe catalog via the scanner. The user would scan information about theproducts to be ordered and the portable scanner would communicate thoseproducts and other information necessary to complete the sale (such asbilling and shipping information) to the catalog vendor via a connectionbetween the Internet and the communication interface.

Search Behavior

In some embodiments, the handheld document data captures device supportssearch applications. The input for search queries is captured fromrendered documents, especially by optical scanning from a paperdocument.

In some embodiments, the system tags search queries originating from theportable data capture device to indicate that the search terms are froma paper document.

Document ID/Location Via Data Capture

The system can use data captured from rendered document to identify therendered document and locate an electronic counterpart of the rendereddocument. The system identifies and locates the document by searching anindex of a corpus of documents. The system performs the search bysubmitting a search query to a search engine or search applicationsoftware.

Search Queries

Search queries may be constructed in the portable data capture device orin the network. In some embodiments, the search query message willinclude the portable device identifier.

Search Queries with Context

Context about a search can enhance the accuracy of search results. Insome embodiments, the handheld document data capture device submitssearch queries that include context information. Context can be derivedfrom the user's history, from the aggregate historical behavior of apopulation of users, from properties of the document, or fromcircumstances of the search.

Time

The time at which a search term was captured from a document is a usefulcontext for disambiguation. For example, if the search engine knows thedate on which a search query was captured from a document, the searchengine can ignore any documents that were published after the capturedate because they could not have been the source of the captured data.In some embodiments, search queries include time stamps that indicatewhen the search string was captured from a rendered document.

Location

The location at which a search term was captured from a document is auseful context for disambiguation. For example, if the search engineknows the geographic location at which a search query was captured froma document, the search engine can ignore any documents that were notpublished or distributed in that location because they are not likely tohave been the source of the captured data. In some embodiments, searchqueries include location stamps that indicate in what geographiclocation the search string was captured from a rendered document.

User History (from Subscriber Account)

The user's history is useful context for identifying and locatingdocuments. For example, if the user has a pattern of scanning text fromthe Seattle Times newspaper every morning and the Economist magazine inthe afternoons, it is more likely that a search query submitted in themorning is from the Seattle Times than the Economist. In someembodiments, the system will rank search query results based on userhistory.

Aggregate User Population Metadata

The aggregated behavior of all uses of portable document data capturedevices also provides useful context for disambiguation. Users are morelikely than not to scan similar information from similar documents. Forexample, where the user population recently has been submitting manysearch queries captured from the latest Harry Potter novel and none fromSean Hannity's latest book. Thus, if a search query returns severalmatches, it is more likely that the source document is the latest HarryPotter novel than a Sean Hannity book. Therefore, in some embodiments,the system ranks search query results based on aggregated userpopulation behavior.

Construction of Search Queries

In some embodiments, the portable device captures sequential text from apaper document and constructs a search query based on that text. Thesearch query is then submitted to a search engine or other searchsoftware. The search engine performs a search of its data indexes toidentify the paper document or find an electronic counterpart of thepaper document. In some embodiments, the portable capture deviceconserves communication bandwidth by only submitting enough informationto identify an electronic counterpart, even though more information wascaptured from the paper document. It is an advantage in wireless systemsto send only the necessary information, because wireless bandwidth islimited. In some embodiments, the system enables the user to modify orenhance the search query by entering more text from the device's keypad.

Partial Word Disambiguation

In some embodiments, the handheld device and system support partial worddisambiguation. When text is captured from a rendered document, it isdifficult for the user to begin and end the capture on word boundaries.The words at the beginning and end of the captured string are generallytruncated. Search indexes traditionally consist of whole words, sopartial words have little or no value to a traditional searchapplication. These truncated, or “partial” words, still may have greatdisambiguation value however. In some embodiments, search engines usepartial words to select from among a plurality of search results. Forexample, the search engines use the whole words to search the searchindex and the partial words at the ends of the search string to choosefrom among the results. Thus, search queries to these engines preferablyinclude partial word information.

Multi-Line Scan

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device is capable ofcapturing multiple lines of text during one operation. Mobile phonesusing the built-in camera to photograph a portion of a page, a pen-basedscanner with an optical head that captures two lines of text, etc., areexamples of scenarios in which an optical scanner can capture more thanone line of text. FIG. 15 shows a portable scanner 1510 that capturestext from two lines of document 1520. Box 1500 shows the captured text.When more than one line of text is captured, each line can be submittedin the search query in a “line1 text” AND “line2 text” format.Alternatively, if the approximate column width is known, the searchquery can be constructed as “line1 text” WITHIN X WORDS “line2 text,”where X is generally less than the approximate column width. For theexample shown in FIG. 15, the disambiguation search query could beconstructed as be “study of law committed to” AND “and public servicethe.”

Stamps (Context, Scanner Id, User Id)

In some embodiments, the system uses timestamps and location-stamps toidentify documents. For example, an Associated Press article may appearin many newspapers but the correct newspaper could be determined by thelocation-stamp. If the location-stamp indicates that the scan wasperformed in Seattle, it is most likely that a Seattle newspaper is thesource of the scanned AP article. Similarly, timestamps could be used tonarrow the scope of candidate documents to those that were publishedprior to the timestamp. In some embodiments, the handheld device canconstruct search queries that include time and/or location stamps.

Wordlength/Convolution Queries

In some embodiments, the system indexes and searches documents by wordlength. In the simplest case, three word lengths are used: long, short,and uncertain. The sequential pattern of long and short words forms aunique identifier for each document of sufficient length. Thus thedocument can be located by submitting a search query based on wordlength rather than a traditional search query that is based on text. Anexample of a word length search query is: 11001110?010??10110, where1=shortword, 0=longword, and ?=uncertain. Any object that is uncertainis essentially a treated as a wildcard by the search engine. Word lengthsearches are particularly useful for imaging devices that cannotdistinguish the individual letters in captured image. For example, a lowresolution mobile phone camera is used to take a picture of a rendereddocument but it cannot resolve the image to the character level. Thedocument can still be identified by searching for a matching sequentialpattern of long and short words. Similarly, documents can be indexed andsearched by convolution-based queries that indicate the repetitionfrequency of characters as discussed elsewhere in this document.

Text Properties

Search queries originating from scanned text can include informationabout the text such as font type, size, and color. These text propertiescan be used to disambiguate the document from which the text wascaptured. Traditional search queries throw this information away,however.

Document Identifier

If a user is searching within a known document, the search query caninclude the document's identifier. The search engine can use thedocument identifier to restrict the search results to the intendeddocument. Traditional search queries do not include documentidentifiers.

Parallel Search

To enhance the user experience, searches can occur in parallel on thelocal device and the network. When one search returns a result, theother can be terminated.

Networked Behavior

In some embodiments, messages between the portable document data capturedevice scanner and the scanning service provider network include uniquetransaction codes. The transaction codes allow the system to identifyeach transaction. In some embodiments, the transaction codes are createdfrom a hash of the scanner ID, scanned info, doc info, & time/locationinfo.

In some embodiments, the handheld document data capture device hasunique identifier such as an electronic serial number (ESN) or Networkaddress so that the scanning service provider can identify the device.In some embodiments, the handheld device includes subscriber identitymodules (SIM) that have encrypted billing and account information. Insome embodiments, removable identity modules allow another user toborrow a data capture device and temporarily associate it with theiraccount by inserting their identity module.

Each of the scanning service provider's subscribers has a subscriberaccount that is stored in a database in the service provider's network.The subscriber account data records can include billing/subscriptioninformation, the subscriber's name and address, information aboutelectronic documents to which the subscriber is permitted access,information about subscriptions to paper documents, user historyinformation, identifiers (ESN, etc.) of the subscriber's portable datacapture devices, security/encryption keys, and location of the user'slife library and/or personal webpage (blog). For example, the user couldcapture data from a document with his handheld device and enter a “blogthis document” command through the UI. The system disambiguates thedocument and publishes a link to the document on the user's blog pagethat is pre-specified in the user's account.

In some embodiments, the network performs remote activation andprogramming, such as over-the-air activation (OAA) and programming(OAP), of the subscriber's handheld document data capture devices. Whena data capture device powers up, it will register with the serviceprovider's network. Once it has registered, the service provider candownload activation data into the device. Activation data can include anetwork address or other unique identifier that the service provider canuse to route messages to the device. After the device has beenactivated, the service provider can use remote programming to update thedevice with any necessary updates (e.g., locally cached markup data).

When the device registers with the service provider's system, theservice provider can verify that the device belongs to a subscriber bychecking the device's identifier against the subscriber account.

In some embodiments, the system moves indexes and other data to networkelements near (either physically or in a connection-speed sense) thehandheld device to reduce latency and to conserve network resources.Moving frequently accessed data close to the handheld device will reducethe number of network entities that must handle the information on itsway to the handheld device.

Network Enhanced Disambiguation

In some embodiments, the network and the handheld document data capturedevice iterate the disambiguation process. For example, the user submitsa search query constructed with data captured from a paper document. Theservice provider submits the search query to a search engine but cannotdisambiguate the document In response, the network prompts the user tocapture additional information from the rendered document. The usersubmits the additional information and the service provider uses the newinformation in conjunction with the previously submitted information todisambiguate the rendered document. The service provider and useriterate through this process as many times as necessary to disambiguatethe document. The service provider typically retains the previouslysubmitted information and aggregates it with the newly submittedinformation to disambiguate the document.

Subscriber Accounts/Records

In some embodiments, the handheld document data capture device includesmemory for storing information related to billing, subscription, and/ordevice identifiers. This memory may be removable, such as in aSubscriber Identity Module (SIM) or smart card, or non-removable, suchas a Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM). In some embodiments, the SIMmemory is associated with the user's mobile phone services account. Inthe case where electronic copies of documents are being located basedupon the captured data, subscription information can be used to verifywhether the user should be allowed access to the electronic copy. Forexample, a newspaper may charge an additional fee for access to itsonline version. The user's account with the service provider can includesubscription information for paper documents, such as newspapers, thatindicate whether the user subscribes to the online version of the paperdocument.

In some embodiments, the system uses billing information in the user'ssubscriber account to make purchases with the portable scanner. Thememory contains encrypted credit card or other financial information ofthe user. For example, when the user scans text from a document andindicates (perhaps via the user interface or the gestural controlsdisclosed above) that he wishes to purchase access to an electronic copyof the document, the billing information can be used to provide paymentto the copyright holder or content provider.

In some embodiments, the handheld device includes device identifierssuch as serial numbers in memory. These device identifiers serve touniquely identify the portable device and would typically be stored inPROM so that they cannot be erased. Additional security for transactionscan be obtained by associating a portable device with only one user,such as by correlating the device serial number to a user's account orsubscription in a network database. Alternatively, the system stores thedevice identifier in the smart card (or storing a smart card identifierin the portable scanner) to lock the scanner to the smart card. Thedevice's processor verifies that the correct smart card was insertedbefore the portable scanner 200 is permitted to function. Smart cardswith internal processors could also verify that they are inserted in theportable device to which they have been locked prior to allowing accessto any information in the smart card.

Annotations

In some embodiments, the handheld document data capture device includesannotation applications. The annotation software enables the device toattach voice or text annotations to locations, marks, or text in adocument. The annotations can be associated with a text string or anabsolute location within the document. If the annotations are associatedwith a text string, they system can notify the subscriber if he edits ordeletes the text to which the annotation is attached. Prior toproceeding with the edit or deletion, the system would seek confirmationfrom the user that he wishes to proceed.

Text

Text annotations can be entered by scanning text from a rendereddocument, through the portable device's keypad, or by conversion ofvoice data to text.

Voice

In some embodiments, the handheld document data capture device includesa microphone for capturing voice. The captured speech can be annotatedto a document as an audio file at a location specified by the user, asdiscussed in further detail in the scannotator section below.

OCR

In some embodiments, the handheld document data capture device hasonboard OCR capability. In some embodiments, the system performs OCR onthe host computer or service provider. OCR can be accomplished by manysuitable methods, including template matching, convolution, andword-length OCR.

Convert Trademark Symbols to a Code

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device converts trademarksymbols to a code or plain text. The portable device has a database oftrademark symbols that it can recognize. When it scans a trademark itrecognizes, the portable device can substitute a code for the trademarkimage. The then portable device sends the code to the service providernetwork. The service provider takes predetermined actions associatedwith the trademark code. For example, a user might scan an image of theMitsubishi™ “three diamond” trademark. The portable scanner compares theimage to its on-board library of trademark symbols and identifies thethree diamond symbol as the Mitsubishi trademark. The library has aunique code associated with each trademark that uniquely identifies thetrademark to the system service provider. Rather than transmit theentire image file to the service provider, the portable scannersubstitutes the code and transmit the code. Substituting a code for animage reduces the size of the message to the network, an importantadvantage for wireless communications. In some embodiments, the systemsends an alphanumeric code over some communication channels (such as acellular SMS channel) that do not permit image files. Of course, thetrademark images could be converted to ASCII text, also. For example,the Mitsubishi™ three-diamond logo could be converted to the text string“Mitsubishi trademark.”

Word Length

In some embodiments, the optical scanning subsystem distinguishes wordlength to a reasonable approximation, even if it cannot determine whatthe individual letters are. Fortunately, word length patterns also canbe used to identify documents. By sorting the words in an image of adocument into categories, the portable scanner can construct a code thatcan be used to identify the document. In the simplest case, the wordswould be sorted into three categories: long, short, and unknown. Shortwords have less than some predetermined number of characters and longwords have more characters than the predetermined numbers. In otherwords, short word<X<long word, where X is a predetermined number ofcharacters that distinguishes a short word from a long word. Searching aspecial index in which documents are indexed by word length willidentify the rendered document. After an electronic counterpart islocated, the electronic counterpart can be used to perform OCR on thescanned string by finding matching contiguous strings oflong/short/unknown words in the electronic counterpart and convertingthe word length pattern into the individual characters of the words.

Template Matching

Template-matching OCR is compares captured images to stored characterimages. When a match is found, the character has been identified.Template-matching OCR is sensitive to variations in font style, size,italics, etc. Essentially, anything that might make the capturedcharacter look different than the stored template must be accounted forin a template-matching system. Template matching is very useful forrecognizing images of trademarks and graphical icons.

Convolution

FIG. 16 shows one embodiment of convolution to determine characteroffsets. In overview, this embodiment may be envisioned as sliding animage of text across itself. Once the convolution pattern for a stringof text has been determined, OCR can be performed by statisticalanalysis or by identifying the source document via a search of aconvolution-enhanced index. This embodiment begins 1610 after a sensorimage has captured an image. A processor in this scanner may create aqueue of pixels to compare with this original image. This queue may bevertical slices of a copy of this original image. Another approach maybe to use address pointers to keep track of which vertical slices are tobe compared, and then create temporary copies of these slices in theprocessor. The following step 1620 compares one length. Length refers toa horizontal width of a vertical slice. This may be one pixel, ormultiple pixels. It may be heuristically determined based on whitespace.This slice may be the entire image. This slice is compared to slicesfrom an original image. This may be done by comparing this slicesequentially to slices from an original. In some embodiments, thiscomparison slice is sequentially compared to a corresponding slice onestep over. A step may be the same distance as a horizontal width. A stepmay be a pixel or multiple pixels. In the following stage of thisprocess 1630, this processor records to memory where this image matchesitself. This data may contain which vertical slices match other verticalslices of this original image. A matching section may or may not be acharacter (e.g., it might be two characters that only appear in order).The next step 1640 is to determine if this comparison is complete.Comparison does not necessarily refer to one slice, but to this largerprocess. One way to determine if the convolution process is complete isif there are no more slices to compare.

FIG. 17 is an illustration of one way to conceptualize the convolutionprocess. This shows a step-by-step breakdown of using a single slice tofind character offsets. The exemplary steps are numbered, such as the 11700 shown. Lines 1710 are used to separate the steps. An image of theword determinative is being compared. On the left is a slice 1720 and onthe right is a copy 1730 in memory. When an overlap is found, it isdesignated with a triangle 1740.

FIG. 18 is another illustration. Here, the slice copy 1820 is shownabove the copy in memory 1830 so that it may be clearer why a match isfound 1840.

FIG. 19 is a flow diagram showing steps typically performed by thesystem to perform the convolution process on an image. In some cases, itcan be difficult to determine which parts of an image are characters.One approach is to subdivide this image into sections that have adiscrete number of characters. In some embodiments, this process isiteratively completed as matches are found, or may be started after allmatches have been found. In step 1910, this image is one segment, i.e.,an image of a discrete number of characters (this image may be croppedto the section enclosed in whitespace). In step 1920, if there are morematching subsections to process, then the system continues in step 1930,else the system terminates in step 1970. In step 1930, these sectionsare recorded. One-dimensional location measurements may be sent tomemory. One way to associate these segments with their matchingcounterparts is to use an identifier. Another approach is to store themin memory such that their relative locations provide information as tohow they match (e.g., each matching pair is stored sequentially, and oddnumbered matches have one repeated region such that there is an evennumber). In step 1940, the system determines if any of these matchingsegments overlap with any segment. This overlap occurs where one segmententirely encompasses another, or where only a section of each overlaps.In step 1950, the system subdivides these segments. This subdivisionstep occurs where a first segment has multiple characters and a secondsegment has smaller number of these characters. For example, a firstmatched segment may contain “ing” and a second segment may contain “in.”This process may then subdivide these into segments containing “in”(i.e., what was matched) and “g” (I.e., what was left). If all segmentsbegin with a discrete number of characters, removing a discrete numberof characters will also leave a discrete number of characters. In step1960, the system stores each of these segments as the largest segmentthat is either completely overlapped or entirely free of overlap. Thisprocess may be similar to when locations are stored 1930. In someembodiments, the same system of correlating matching segments is used.After this process, an original image will have a number of matchingsegments identified. The system treats space between these segments (orbetween these segments and at least one edge of this image) as newsegments that do not match any other segment. In some cases, eachcharacter has its own segment. In some embodiments, the system usescharacter analysis techniques, such as blob analysis or connectednessanalysis, to further subdivide segments. These segments may then be usedto determine the text on which they are based. In some embodiments, thesystem represents these segments as offsets, and uses these offsets tolook up which text would produce these offsets. In some embodiments, thestorage that contains this information is populated with data that canaccount for segments containing multiple characters.

Web Server in Device

A computer running web browser software such as Microsoft™ InternetExplorer can access the internal web page included in some embodimentsof the portable data capture device. So that the computer can access theportable device's internal webpage, the portable device is linked to thecomputer by a communication channel such as a USB cable.

Exemplary Embodiments

The following describes exemplary embodiments of the handheld documentdata capture device. These examples cannot disclose every possibleembodiment but are meant to give a brief overview of what is possible.

Mobile Phone

A mobile phone embodiment of a portable document data capture deviceincludes the capabilities of a phone and a scanner. The mobile phone canacquire image data with a dedicated scanning subsystem or with anintegrated camera. Voice annotations can be acquired with the mobilephone's microphone. The user can input search query text on the phone'skeypad, via the phone's scanner, or via the microphone.

In some embodiments, when the paper document is imaged with the phone'scamera and shown on the phone's display, the mobile phone may havesoftware that will show the markup layer overlaid on the paper documentimage.

When the paper document is viewed through the phone's camera, the imageis enhanced by the markup document data.

Methods of Identifying which text on a Page Will be Scanned by a Scannerthat is not in Physical Contact with the Page

One of the difficulties with using a mobile phone camera as a scanningdevice is showing the user which text will be scanned. In someembodiments, the mobile phone projects a beam onto the surface to bescanned that will highlight the approximate scan area. In someembodiments, the mobile phone displays the region to be scanned on thephone's display. The display may be enhanced in various ways to show theuser what subset of the image will be scanned or OCR'd. For instance,the display could draw a box around the area in which text will becaptured. Alternatively, the phone can show boundaries of scan region ondisplay—superimposed over image of document from camera or from docsource—e.g., as red lines on display screen—or shaded background—etc.

Methods of Taking Action Based on Scanned Text and of Presenting Choicesto a User

In some embodiments, the system disambiguates a paper document in themobile phone context by:

-   -   capture an image of a portion of the paper document    -   optionally ocr image, find offsets, compress, etc.    -   transmit the image or text data across cellular network to        server    -   locate document or documents and associated markups (if any)    -   transmit behavior/presentation data to wireless handset    -   present data to user    -   optionally receive instructions from user    -   store or transmit instructions from the user.

In some embodiments, at least a portion of the data for the menu (e.g.,“markup data”) and the index of document have been downloaded to, andreside on, the mobile phone. The menu/markup information is presented tothe user on the mobile phone's display. Optionally, the menu can bepresented to the user audibly.

In some embodiments, the mobile phone data capture device uses thephone's audio facilities to disambiguate documents. A user can use awireless handset or landline phone to dial into a server that acceptsvoice scans, dtmf tones, etc., and obtain some of benefits of apaper-to-digital-document system using the audio channel of existingtelephony.

For example, the user reads some representative portion of adocument—e.g., document identifier, title, etc. The system providesfeedback about ambiguity—optionally on screen—in some embodiments, theuser receives an acknowledgment that a matching digital document is oris not found. The user can take optional actions to resolve ambiguity,such as scanning additional items of interest. The user can read aloudto set context and present disambiguation data to the system. Forexample, the user could set context by saying “NY Times,yesterday“followed by the disambiguation data” . . . said we need thiswar to achieve peace . . . . ” The system would then search yesterday'sedition of the New York Times for text matching the disambiguation data.

Methods of Scanning by Use of Mobile Phone Camera System

Simple scanning may not require the entire resolution of the phone'scamera in every embodiment. Using only a selected portion of the camerasensor area has the advantage of higher data rates and lower powerconsumption.

In some embodiments, a fiber optic image conduit is part of the scanningsubsystem. The scanning subsystem can be optically coupled with theexisting camera images sensor. In some embodiments, a portion of thecamera image sensor is reserved for exclusive use of the scanningsubsystem.

Methods of Setting Context for an Action, Electronic Transaction orSearch

The mobile phone subscriber's account with the cellular service providercan be used for account/billing information for p-commerce purchasetransactions.

Other aspects of mobile phone functionality can be used to set context.For example, phone call activity and history can be used to establishcontext, to prioritize inputs, and to augment a search query.Additionally, other uses of the phone network can be used to setcontext, such as: use of the phone network for web/WAP/email/IM activityand history thereof; the phone's geographical location and historythereof.

The phone's text messaging dictionary can be used to enhance the OCRprocess. The T9 predictive text software for text messaging that is onmany mobile phones can also be used to enhance the OCR anddisambiguation processes. For example, the T9 predictive text softwarecan be used to correct OCR errors. The text input and SMS messaginghistory can be used as vocabulary for OCR.

In some embodiments, the mobile phone recognizes an icon as aninstruction to dial the number printed next to the icon. In someembodiments, the mobile phone recognizes phone numbers and takespredetermined actions upon scanning a phone number. Some of the possiblepredetermined actions are placing a phone call, storing the phone numberin the phone's address book. In some embodiments, the phone uses thephone's geographic location as context to assist in recognizing phonenumbers. For example, a phone number under the North American systemconsists of ten digits. Phones can use their location context when theyscan a number to determine whether the number is a phone number. Whenthe phone is in North America, an 11 digit number is not automaticallystored as a phone number. When the phone is in Europe, the same 11 digitnumber might be automatically stored as a phone number.

Mobile Phone Commercial Transactions Initiated by, or Using, Scans ofRendered Documents

Mobile phones can initiate commercial transactions by capturinginformation from rendered documents. For example, a user captures animage of a few lines of text from a document with his mobile phonecamera; the phone recognizes a keyword in the captured data; and thekeyword triggers a software application in the phone that causes thephone to deliver a sales offer for a product associated with thekeyword. The user can indicate (perhaps with the phone keypad) whetherhe wants to consummate the transaction. If yes, the purchase cost isbilled to the user's mobile phone account.

Mobile phones (or any wireless communication device that requires asubscription with a service provider) can be used to authenticate andcomplete transactions based on rendered documents. For example, asubscriber can fill out and submit a web page purchasing form. Inresponse, the web merchant sends a code back to the subscriber'scomputer, which displays it on the computer monitor. The subscriber thenphotographs the computer monitor with his mobile phone and transmits theimage to the merchant across cellular network. When the merchantreceives the mobile phone message, the merchant can verify that themobile phone account matches the information submitted on the web page,thus authenticating the user, and completing the transaction.

In some embodiments, the subscriber can call a dial-up number thatconnects the subscriber to a server on which p-commerce transactions canbe completed by DTMF or voice input.

Methods of Using a Scanner Function in Combination with a Mobile Phone

In some embodiments, the mobile phone is an intermediate platform (hostdevice) for scanning. For example, such a situation can arise when aBlueTooth™ scanner is connected to the mobile phone. When it isfunctioning as an intermediate platform the phone can store documentindexes, markup documents, and user account data specific touser/scanner being used in conjunction with phone.

In some embodiments, the cellular phone system opens a data channel withany voice call. The caller takes a picture of a document with hiscellphone (or otherwise captures enough data to identify the document,e.g., scan a string of text from doc), the captured data is puncturedinto the voice channel, software in recipient phone recovers the stringand uses it to locate an electronic copy of the document from which thestring was scanned by the caller.

In some embodiments, when a mobile phone captures a phone number andname, it is preprogrammed to store both in the phone's address book.When just a phone number is captured, the phone is preprogrammed toautomatically dial the number.

SMS, MMS

Search queries can be efficiently transmitted to the service provider ornetwork by use of the cellular network's Short Message Service (SMS)text-messaging system for mobile phones. Images and audio files can besent by the cellular network's Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) thatenables mobile phones to send and receive multimedia messages.

An interesting aspect of the mobile phone embodiment resides in theobservation that only a small fragment of data is required to identifylocation—especially if that fragment is further *qualified by context*.This short fragment approach then leads to a surprising ability tosending document scan data over limited bandwidth channels formerlyincapable of transmitting a document image.

Computer Mouse

One embodiment of a portable data capture device is an optical mousewith scanner capability. In some embodiments, the optical mouse uses thesame optical path for scanning and motion-sensing. In some embodiments,the optical mouse has a viewfinder for observing the text that is beingscanned.

The viewfinder allows the user to see where the scanner is targeted.Some technologies that can be used to implement the viewfinder are: aclear plastic window that shows the document beneath the mouse; a seriesof mirrors similar to a periscope; a display that shows the real-timeoutput of the scanner, or a fiber optic image conduit.

FIG. 20 shows scanner/mouse 2100 with a viewing window 2104 to revealthe surface below the mouse. The scanner/mouse 2100 has a housing 2102in which there is a viewing window 2104. The viewing window may have atarget 2106 for indicating which text the scanner/mouse 2100 iscapturing. The viewing window can be used in combination with the mirrorarrangement shown in FIG. 24.

FIG. 21 shows a scanner/mouse 2100 with a display (LCD, LED, etc.) 2102mounted on top of housing 2104 so that the user can see what is beingscanned. Display 2102 might show the output of the optical scanningsubsystem in real time. In some embodiments, a processor (either thehost computer's processor or an on-board processor) can manipulate theoutput of the optical mechanism before it is sent to the display 2102.See FIG. 25 also.

FIG. 22 shows a block diagram of a mouse with a separateposition-sensing 2210 and scanning mechanism 2220, such as a mouse witha traditional mechanical x/y mechanism and an optical scanner. Controllogic 2240 is operably connected with position-sensing mechanism 2210,scanning mechanism 2220, display 2230, I/O subsystem 2250, and memory2260. The optional display 2230 can show scanned data to the user. Thememory 2260 can store scanned data and instructions. The I/O subsystem2250 communicates with a host computer by wireless or wiredcommunications means such as a Bluetooth transceiver or USB port. Insome embodiments, the I/O subsystem 2250 also includes user inputdevices such as switches, keypads, or buttons.

FIG. 23 shows a block diagram of a mouse with an optical sensor assembly2310 that can be used for detecting x/y motion and for scanning datafrom a rendered document. Control logic 2320 is operatively connectedwith the optical assembly 2310, the I/O subsystem 2330, the display2350, and the memory 2340. The control logic/processor 2320 candetermine which function (scanning or motion-sensing) is required.Alternatively, the I/O subsystem 2330 could include a user-selectableswitch that would switch between x/y motion and scanning functionality.The memory 2340 can store data and instructions. The display 2350 canshow the scanned data and/or device status (e.g., whether the device iscurrently in scanner mode or mouse mode, etc.) to the user.

FIG. 24 shows a side view of a mouse/scanner 2400 that uses a series ofmirrors 2410 to reflect an image up to the viewfinder of what is underthe scanner head. A light source 2420 illuminates a portion of arendered document 2430 that is being scanned by the user. At least someof the light from the light source 2420 reflects from the document 2430and travels along the optical path 2440 to the viewfinder window 2450which is visible by the user. In an alternative embodiment, a straightopening through the mouse would not require mirrors 2410. In thisalternative, the viewfinder windows 2450 might be placed on either sideof the scanner head/light source 2420 (see FIG. 26).

FIG. 25 shows an example of a mouse/scanner 2500 that uses an imageconduit 2510 operatively connected with a light sensitive semiconductorchip (CMOS, CCD, etc.) 2520. The output of the CCD 2520 could bedirectly applied to a display 2530 and to the processor 2540(alternatively, it could be processed before being routed to the display2530). The processor 2540 is operatively connected with CCD 2520,display 2530, memory 2550 and the I/O subsystem 2560.

FIG. 26 shows a top view of a mouse/scanner 2600 with a viewfinder thatis essentially a window 2610 on either side of the scanning mechanism2620 so that the user can see the text that the going to pass under thescanning head. The processor 2630 is operatively connected with thescanning mechanism 2620, memory 2640, I/O subsystem 2650, and powersupply 2660. The power supply 2660 is typically included in scannersthat communicate wirelessly, but is optional for a wired mouse.

Scan Head Accessory w/ USB Port

A scanning accessory with an adapter port is another example of aportable data capture device. The scanning accessory can be plugged intothe appropriate connector on another device, such as a mobile phone orPDA, thereby upgrading the device with scanning capability. In someembodiments, the accessory merely has an optical capture subsystem andan adapter (drawing power via the adapter). In some embodiments, theaccessory includes control logic, memory, and power supply.

Scannotator

In some embodiments, the system targets audio annotations to selectedpositions in an electronic counterpart of a rendered document (“thesystem”). In order to target a spoken annotation to a selected point ina paper document, the user uses a hand-held optical scanner to scan aportion of text at the selected point. The user then speaks theannotation, which is captured by a microphone in the optical scanner andstored in association with the scanned portion of text.

The scanner may connect to, or otherwise communicate with, a computersystem or similar device via a wired or wireless connection of varioustypes. Once connected, the stored association can be used, for example,to play back the annotation while displaying the selected point in anelectronic version of the document, to display a textual version of theannotation obtained via voice recognition in connection with theselected point in an electronic version of the document, toautomatically revise an electronic version of the document at theselected point in accordance with the annotation, to embed theannotation as an audio file in the electronic document at the selectedpoint, to insert a pointer (e.g., hyperlink, etc.) to an associatedaudio file containing the audio annotation, etc. In some embodiments,the scanned text may be used to identify and/or locate the document fromamong a larger universe of electronic documents. Alternatively, otherapproaches may be used to identify the document.

In some embodiments, the scanner includes controls, such as controlsthat navigate between annotations. When the scanner is connected to thecomputer system, the navigation controls can navigate betweenannotations in the document displayed on the computer system. When thescanner is not connected to the computer system, the navigation controlscan navigate between annotations stored in the scanner, to review,revise, or delete such annotations in the scanner's memory.

By offering some or all of the functionality described above, the systemenables a user to conveniently and accurately annotate an electronicdocument using a rendered copy of the electronic document.

FIG. 27 is a perspective drawing showing a view of a sample handhelddocument data capture device. While reading a paper document, a user maynotice typing or spelling errors, factual inaccuracies, or other issuesin the document which would require editing of, or other interactionwith, the electronic original. The user presses the SCAN button 2701 onthe annotating device and uses an optical sensor 2711 to scan a fewwords of the document to capture the context. In some embodiments, avisual indicator 2721 indicates whether the scanned text was recognized,and/or whether the scanned text is adequate or is likely to be adequateto identify the electronic document corresponding to the rendereddocument, and/or a single location in this document. The user thenpresses the REC button 2702 to record a voice annotation using abuilt-in microphone. Pressing a button 2703 allows the user to reviewthe annotation using a built-in speaker 2731, while pressing REC button2702 again allows it to be overwritten.

When the user has finished reviewing the printed document, the user (oran assistant) plugs a USB connector 2741 of the annotating device intothe USB port on a computer (which may also recharge the internal batteryof the annotating device) either directly, or via an extension cable ifthe USB port is inconveniently located. Simply plugging it in may causean appropriate software package for editing documents to launch, loadthe appropriate document, and place the editing cursor at the point ofthe first annotation, possibly even selecting the words that werescanned. The user can then press the PLAY button 103 to listen to therecorded annotation, and make any necessary edits to the text in thenormal way. The user can press the NEXT button 2705 to skip to the nextannotation, and then press PLAY again, and so forth.

The REC button 2702 can be used to add additional annotations at thesame location, for example if an assistant has a question about theoriginal annotation or the suitability of their edited version.

The SCAN button 2701 may, when connected to the PC, be used as the‘DONE’ button to indicate that the annotation has been noted and is nolonger needed. In some embodiments, the same button triggers scanningwhen the device is in contact with paper and triggers audio recordingwhen it is not. In some embodiments, the device may have a sensor orbutton (not shown for clarity) near the optical sensor 2711 to detectwhen the optical sensor 2711 is in contact with paper.

In some embodiments, the annotating device has a clip on the back,allowing it to be clipped to the annotated documents, in order tofunction as a set of audio Post-It® notes.

FIG. 28 shows a block diagram of one embodiment of the annotator device2800. It incorporates an optical scanning head 2816 for capturing imagesof text from the paper document, and a microphone 2802 for capturing thevoice annotations associated with the text. The data captured from theseinput devices is possibly processed by the central controller device2810, and is stored in the memory 2814. One or more buttons 2812 areprovided for the user to control the process, and some visual indicators2804 shown here as LEDs, give feedback to the user. Of course, thevisual indicator could be any suitable user interface, such as, forexample, a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).

Optionally, the device also includes a loudspeaker 2806 which allowsvoice annotations to be played back and other audio feedback to be givento the user.

An interface 2808 is included which allows data to be transmitted to aPC or other processing device, shown here as USB but may be firewire,Bluetooth™, 802.11, infrared, ethernet or other wired or wirelesscommunication technology. Wire-based communication-technologies, such asUSB, may also provide power to the device for immediate operation or forcharging internal power sources such as batteries.

FIG. 29 shows the device 2800 connected to a processing device such as aPC 2900 through a communication port 2902, typically a USB port. Amonitoring system 2904 is responsible for detecting when the device isconnected, communicating with it, and coordinating the resultingoperations. Typically this will involve retrieving the captured imagesfrom the device to a subsystem 2906 for analysis and conversion tosymbolic or text form, passing the resulting text to a search subsystem2908 which locates the appropriate documents, and handing the details ofthose documents being passed to the application 2910 which enables theuser to view, edit or otherwise interact with them. The monitoringsystem 2904 may also control that application, for example causing it toscroll a document to the location of an earlier scan. The captured audioannotations may be passed to the PC's audio system 2912 for playback tothe user. The audio system 2912 may have Digital-to-Analog and/orAnalog-to-Digital conversion capability in order to convert analog audioto digital form and vice-versa.

It is possible that many components of this process may take place onthe device 2800 if it has more than a basic-level of sophistication. Theanalysis of images and recognition of any incorporated text, shown here2906 on the PC, may be completed, or partially completed, on the device2800 before or during its connection to the PC 2900, so that, forexample, it is text or some other derivative data which is passed to thePC 2900 instead of, or as well as, the images themselves. Similarly, theaudio annotations may be played back to the user through the audiofacilities 2906 embedded in the device, and the user interface to theprocess may be partly or entirely operated through the buttons on thedevice 2800.

Referring again to FIG. 28, in some embodiments, the scanning head 2816of the device is able to capture images from a display device, such as acomputer display, as well as from paper.

It is also possible that the text to be annotated may be identified bycapturing and recognizing speech fragments read aloud by the user intothe microphone 2802 of the device, instead of scanning and interpretingthe image of the words on the paper.

In an alternative embodiment, the microphone 2802 is used for thecapture of both text and annotations, allowing the scanning head 2816 tobe omitted, and the image-processing and OCR stages described above tobe replaced by audio-processing and speech recognition stages. In thisembodiment, the user reads aloud into the microphone the text at thedesired location for the annotation and the annotation. In someembodiments, the user can manipulate the user interface (buttons,displays, keypads, microphone, etc., for presenting information to theuser and receiving input from the user) of the device to indicate whichaudio is marking the location and which is the annotation. The PC 2900can later convert the appropriate audio into text and use this text toidentify the electronic document associated with the rendered document.After the electronic document has been identified via the text stringthat marks the annotation location, the PC 2900 can cause the annotationto be inserted into the electronic document at the proper insertionpoint.

FIG. 30 is a block diagram showing some of the components typicallyincorporated in at least some of the computer systems: and other deviceson which the system executes. These computer systems and devices 3000may include one or more central processing units (“CPUs”) 3001 forexecuting computer programs; a computer memory 3002 for storing programsand data—including data structures—while they are being used; apersistent storage device 3003, such as a hard drive, for persistentlystoring programs and data; a computer-readable media drive 3004, such asa CD-ROM drive, for reading programs and data stored on acomputer-readable medium; a network connection 3005 for connecting thecomputer system to other computer systems, such as via the Internet, toexchange programs and/or data—including data structures; and a desktopbus connector 3006, such as a USB connector, or other suitable busconnector. The programs executed by the CPU may include programsassociated with the system and described elsewhere herein, as well assoftware for recognizing scanned images, such as optical characterrecognition (“OCR”) software and/or software for recognizing spokenaudio, such as voice recognition software. While computer systemsconfigured as described above are typically used to support theoperation of the system, one of ordinary skill in the art willappreciate that the system may be implemented using devices of varioustypes and configurations, and having various components.

FIG. 31 is a flow diagram showing a typical process used by the systemin order to annotate an electronic document. In step 3101, the systemscans a portion of a rendered document, such as a small, contiguoussequence of words. In step 3102, the system inputs an audio annotationrelating to the scanned portion of the rendered document. In step 3103,if there are more annotations, then the system continues in step 3101 toconstruct another annotation, else the system continues in step 3104. Instep 3104, the system uploads the document portions scanned in step 3101and their audio annotations inputted in step 3102 to a computer system.In step 3105, the system identifies a digital document corresponding tothe rendered document. In some embodiments, the system identifies thedigital document corresponding to the rendered document by comparing thetext in one or more of the document portions scanned from the rendereddocument to the contents of a universe of electronic documents.

In step 3106, the system modifies the digital document identified instep 3105 in accordance with the uploaded annotations. In someembodiments, step 3106 involves attaching each annotation as an audioclip to a point in the digital document proximate to the correspondingscanned portion. In some embodiments, step 3106 involves attaching avoice-recognized textual version of the annotations to the digitaldocument at such points. In some embodiments, step 3106 involvesautomatically performing edits to the scanned portions of the identifieddigital document based upon voice-recognized contents of theannotations. Where voice recognition is used, it may be performed eitherbefore or after the annotations are uploaded. After step 3106, thesesteps conclude.

Of course, step 3106 may not appear in every embodiment and may differin other embodiments from what is described above. For example, in someembodiments, uploading and storing the annotations for future use may besufficient, and they may be stored separately from the digital original.In particular, it may not be possible to modify the original, forexample because the annotator does not have sufficient privileges (e.g.,the original was created by somebody else) or is on a non-writablemedium such as a CD.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the steps shown in FIG. 31may be altered in a variety of ways. For example, the order of the stepsmay be rearranged; substeps may be performed in parallel; shown stepsmay be omitted, or other steps may be included; etc.

FIG. 32 is a table diagram showing a sample annotation table 3200 usedby the system to represent annotations inputted by the user. In someembodiments, the system store a version of the annotation table 3200 inthe annotation device 2800 and/or in the computer system 2900. In someembodiments, the system uploads a version of the annotation table 3200from the annotation device 2800 to the computer system 2900.

The table 3200 includes a row for each created annotation, such as rows3201-3203. The rows of the annotation table 3200 intersect with columns,including: a document sequence number column 3211 containing a sequencenumber distinguishing annotations that relate to different rendereddocuments; a scanned text column 3212 containing either a recognizedtextual version of the text scanned for the annotation or raw orprocessed image data captured during scanning; and an annotation column3213 containing either a voice-recognized textual version of theannotation or raw or processed audio data captured for the annotation.For example, row 3201 indicates that, in the first document annotated,the user scanned in this rendered document the text “idealized husbandrypractices,” and attached the audio annotation “add citation to Huffreference.”

While FIG. 32 shows a table whose contents and organization are designedto make them more comprehensible by a human reader, those skilled in theart will appreciate that actual data structures used by the system tostore this information may differ from the table shown, in that they,for example, may be organized in a different manner; may contain more orless information than shown; may be compressed and/or encrypted; etc.For example, in some embodiments, the system includes a timestamp and/orlocation stamp for each scan. The necessary time and locationinformation could be obtained from an onboard Global Positioning System(GPS) capability or, in the case of a device 2800 with wirelesscommunication capability, from the wireless communication network.

The system may be used in one or more of a variety of modes, includingany of the sample modes described below. In one sample mode, theannotating device 2800 automatically downloads all of its annotationsand scanned information into the identified document. The annotationsbecome part of the document as notes, multimedia (audio) note files,etc. For example, a user scans some text from a paper document (whichhas a corresponding electronic document on the user's computer), therebyindicating where in the document the annotation belongs, and makes avoice annotation about some extra information that should be included atthis point. Later, the user plugs the annotating device into acomputer's USB port. In some embodiments, the user opens up the documentin a document editing application (such as Microsoft Word) and launchesa macro to download the annotation and append it to the Word document,either as text or an embedded audio file.

In another sample mode, the computer automatically identifies thedocument to which the annotation belongs by accessing a search index andcomparing the scanned text to the search index, thereby using thescanned text to identify the correct document without further-userintervention. This automatic download and incorporation into thedocument as “comments” may be used to enable collaborative editing ofdocuments by work groups. When used in this way, the computer stores theindividual edits and comments of each group member in the document.Alternatively, the computer stores and processes them separately andcombines them as appropriate.

Exemplary Uses

The following are some exemplary uses of the handheld document datacapture device. These examples cannot disclose every possible embodimentbut are meant to give a brief overview of some uses.

P-Commerce

In some embodiments, the handheld document data capture device hasp-commerce capability and applications. For example, some embodimentscan recognize icons and keywords-related to p-commerce activities. Thesekeywords and icons can launch p-commerce transaction software forpurchasing goods and services by capturing data from paper documents. Insome embodiments, the device is put into a purchasing state or mode uponencountering the $ (buy) mark. Because the purchase process isautomated, some embodiments enable a subscriber to complete apurchase-transaction with a single scan from a catalog or advertisement.In some embodiments, the device can store financial information inonboard memory such that it can directly interact with a credit cardprocessor.

Keywords

In some embodiments, of the handheld document data capture devicesupports the use of keywords and markup documents in conjunction withrendered documents. Some embodiments recognize various supplementalmarkings in text (e.g., underlines, fonts, colors of text, tokens,icons) that indicate that a particular scan is to be handled specially.When one of these supplemental markings is encountered, the deviceexecutes an application associated with the detected marking. Keywordssupported by the various embodiments include company names andcommercial trademarks. Some trademarks and icons are converted in thephone to a code or text and sent to the service provider via SMS orother text-based messaging. Local caching of keyword lists in the phoneis useful for local conversion of the graphics to text. Alternatively,graphical trademarks and icons can be transmitted as images viamultimedia messaging.

Prepaid

In some embodiments, the portable data capture device has a prepaidsubscription to services from a scanning service provider. Prepaidaccounts have two main advantages. The first is that prepaid accountsenable anonymous use of the system, thus preserving the subscriber'sprivacy. The second is that prepaid accounts extend the population ofpotential subscribers to people with poor or no credit history. Bypaying in advance, a subscriber can use the system services regardlessof his credit history.

For example, a customer might purchase a portable data capture device ata store. The device comes with a certain number of prepaid transactions.A typical transaction performed with the device would be accessingelectronic documents. So, the customer could scan text from the localnewspaper with the prepaid device and gain immediate anonymous access tosupplementary electronic materials. The scanning service provider has anaccount file associated with the prepaid device to which eachtransaction is debited. When the customer has used all the prepaidtransactions, he can optionally purchase more prepaid transactions byreturning to the store or making an electronic payment (perhaps via abank ATM machine). The service provider credits newly purchasedtransactions to the portable device's prepaid account file.

CONCLUSION

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that, theabove-described system may be straightforwardly adapted or extended invarious ways. While the foregoing description makes reference toparticular embodiments, the scope of the invention is defined solely bythe claims that following and the elements recited therein.

We claim:
 1. A method comprising: capturing, using a mobile phone,information from a rendered document; obtaining, using the mobile phone,a location-stamp indicating a location of the mobile phone at which theinformation captured from the rendered document was captured; storing,in a memory of the mobile phone, the information captured from therendered document and the location-stamp; transmitting, from the mobilephone to a search engine, a search query to identify a source documentof the rendered document in a set of source documents, wherein thesearch query includes the information captured from the rendereddocument and the location-stamp; and receiving, by the mobile device andfrom the search engine, an electronic version of the source documentbased on the search engine identifying the source document from a subsetof source documents of the set of source documents by the informationcaptured from the rendered document and the location-stamp, wherein thesubset of source documents is determined by the location-stamp.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: the mobile phone constructing thesearch query, wherein the search query further includes an identifier ofthe mobile phone.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: themobile phone storing, within the memory, the search query at a time whenno communication between the mobile phone and a wireless network isavailable, wherein transmitting the search query occurs aftercommunication between the mobile phone and the wireless network resumes.4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: obtaining, using themobile phone, a time-stamp indicating a time and a date that theinformation captured from the rendered document was captured, whereinthe search query further includes the time-stamp.
 5. The method of claim4, wherein obtaining the location-stamp comprises using a locationmodule of the mobile phone to obtain the location-stamp, and wherein thelocation module uses a location technology selected from the groupconsisting of (i) global positioning system (GPS), (ii) enhancedobserved time difference, (iii) assisted GPS, (iv) differential GPS, (v)time difference of arrival, (vi) angle of arrival, and (vii)triangulation and monitoring of local transceiver pilot signals.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the search query further includes a factorselected from the group consisting of (i) an identity of a user usingthe mobile phone, (ii) information regarding a reading habit of theuser, (iii) information regarding a capture history of the user, and(iv) information regarding a previous capture of information using themobile phone.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein capturing theinformation from the rendered document comprises capturing text typedvia a keypad or keyboard of the mobile phone.
 8. The method of claim 1,wherein capturing the information from the rendered document comprisescapturing, using a microphone of the mobile phone, spoken words beingread from text of the rendered document, the method further comprising:converting, using a speech-to-text application, the captured spokenwords to a text form of the spoken words; wherein the search queryincludes the text form of the spoken words.
 9. The method of claim 1,wherein capturing the information from the rendered document comprisescapturing the information optically using a lens and an image sensor ofthe mobile phone.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein capturing theinformation optically comprises capturing hidden control symbols printedwith ink having UV or infrared properties.
 11. The method of claim 1,wherein capturing the information from the rendered document comprisingcapturing the information from a magnetic strip.
 12. The method of claim1, wherein the captured information comprises a trademark symbol, themethod further comprising: recognizing, using the mobile phone, thetrademark symbol within the captured information; and substituting,using the mobile phone, a code or text for the trademark symbol, whereintransmitting the search query comprises transmitting the code or textfor trademark symbol in place of the trademark symbol.
 13. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: receiving, using the mobile phone, textentered via a keypad of the mobile phone, modifying, using the mobilephone, the search query to include the text entered via the keypad ofthe mobile phone.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein capturing theinformation comprises capturing multiple lines of text from the rendereddocument.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the search query includesan identifier of the rendered document to restrict search resultsreturned to the mobile phone.
 16. A system comprising: a user interfaceto capture information from a rendered document; a location module toobtain a location-stamp indicating a location of the mobile phone atwhich the information captured from the rendered document was captured;a memory to store the information captured from the rendered documentand the location-stamp; and a communications interface including atransceiver that transmits, to a wireless network, a search query toidentify a source document of the rendered document in a set of sourcedocuments, wherein the search query includes the information capturedfrom the rendered document and the location-stamp, wherein thecommunications interface is configured to receive an electronic versionof the source document, from a search engine, based on the search engineidentifying the source document from a subset of source documents of theset of source documents by the information captured from the rendereddocument and the location-stamp, wherein the subset of source documentsis determined by the location-stamp.
 17. The system of claim 16, whereinthe user interface comprises a keypad or keyboard to type text shown onthe rendered document.
 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the userinterface comprises a microphone configured to capture spoken wordsbeing read from text of the rendered document, the mobile phone furthercomprising: a speech-to-text application configured to convert thecaptured spoken words to a text form of the spoken words, wherein thesearch query includes the text form of the spoken words.
 19. The systemof claim 16, wherein the user interface comprises an optical sensingsystem including a lens and an image sensor configured to capture theinformation from the rendered document optically.
 20. A non-transitorycomputer-readable medium comprising computer instructions executable bya processor of a mobile phone to cause performance of the followingoperations: capturing, using a mobile phone, information from a rendereddocument; obtaining, using the mobile phone, a location-stamp indicatinga location of the mobile phone at which the information captured fromthe rendered document was captured; storing, in a memory of the mobilephone, the information captured from the rendered document and thelocation-stamp; transmitting, from the mobile phone to a search engine,a search query to identify a source document of the rendered document ina set of source documents, wherein the search query includes theinformation captured from the rendered document and the location-stamp;and receiving, by the mobile device and from the search engine, anelectronic version of the source document based on the search engineidentifying the source document from a subset of source documents of theset of source documents by the information captured from the rendereddocument and the location-stamp, wherein the subset of source documentsis determined by the location-stamp.
 21. A method, comprising:receiving, by a search engine and from a mobile device, a search queryincluding information from a rendered document and a location-stampindicating a location of the mobile phone at which the informationcaptured from the rendered document was captured; identifying, by thesearch engine, a subset of source documents from a set of sourcedocuments based on the location-stamp of the rendered document, whereinthe rendered document is included in at least one of the sourcedocuments of the subset of source documents; determining, by the searchengine, the source document from the subset of source documents based onthe information captured from the rendered document and thelocation-stamp; and sending, by the search engine to the mobile device,an electronic version of the source document.